ျပည္ခိုင္ျဖိဳး ( ၾကၤ့ဖြတ္ ) သို ့မဟုတ္ စစ္အာဏာရွင္တို ့၏ေဒါက္တိုင္မ်ား

Read this doc on Scribd: Pyi Khaing Phyo-USDA
jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; pmtk y f t rnf jynfcdkif+zdK; odk@r[kwf ppftm%m&Sifpepf. a'gufwdkifrsm; xk w f a 0onf h c k E S p f / v 2008 ckEp/f rwfv S tk y f a & 500/ yxrt}udrf pmtk y f ' D Zd k i f ; /tjyif t qif NDD-DRD a&;om;/ xk w f a 0/ jzef @ csd okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme 'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk quf o G , f & ef v d y f p m NDD-DRD P.O Box 179 Mae Sot, Tak 63110, Thailand ndddrd07@csloxinfo.com 2 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk rmwdum trS m pm ed ' gef ; tcef ; (1)? jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;zG@J pnf;yk? kd f H tcef ; (2)? toif;om;opf wd;k cs@J paqmif;jcif;enf;AsL[mrsm;ESihf ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ k use;f rma&;tygt0if tjcm;u¾rsm;wGif toGitrsK;d rsK;d jzifh f 0ifa&muf pGuzufvm;jcif;? f -ynma&;u¾ -pD;yGm;a&;u¾ -tpd;k &Xmersm; -twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm; kf tcef ; (3)? jynfwi;f vlrtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; toGitrsK;d rsK;d jzifh xde;f csKyfvmjcif;? G _ f -jynfo@l tusKd ;awmfaqmif -jrefrmEdiitwGi;f &Sd Ediiwumat*siprsm; kfH kfH fD -twkta,mif vlxaxmufcyrsm;/ vlpva0;yGrsm;ESihf k H JG kl J qef@usi&wcsyrsm; f _ f JG -tusiysuvmbfpm;r_rsm; hf f tcef ; (4)? jynfci+f zdK;toif;. Ediia&;t=urf;zufrrsm;? kd kfH _ -pGr;f tm;&Sirsm; f -jynfo@l ppfrsm;/ vk+H cKHa&;wyfz@JG rsm; -axmufvr;f a&;ESihf owif;ay;rsm; S -vlom;rqefpm t=urf;zuf&uEurrsm; G dk f S f _ -bmoma&;yÉdyuQrsm; ay:ayguvmatmif f pmrsufESm 7 9 9 12 12 15 16 20 20 26 26 28 33 35 44 47 47 49 51 55 58 3 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; zefw;D vkyaqmifjcif; f -a&$0ga&mifawmfvea&; Sf -vlra&;ESihf bmoma&;qdi&m tcrf;tem;rsm;/ v_y&m;r_rsm; _ kf fS wGif [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; S f_ -a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J csKyf. pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOftwGi;f S hf [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; S f_ tcef ; (5)? jynfci+f zdK;toif;. tem*wf Ediia&;pDrcsursm;? kd kfH Hf -Ediia&;tjyiftqif kfH -jynfci+f zdK;ESihf Ediiwumtajctae kd kfH -trsK;d om;nDvmcH 63 64 68 70 78 78 78 80 81 4 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk trS m pm e0wppftpdk;&u 1990 arv taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ.&vm'fudk vpfvsL&_ ausmcdi;f cJt+yD; 1993 ckEp/f pufwbFm(15)&ufae@wif jynfci+f zdK; ac: jynfaxmifp}k uH@cif kh S G kd kd a&;ESiz@HG +zdK;a&;toif;udk pwifz@JG pnf;xlaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfygonf? trsKd ;om;a&;toif;}uD; hf tjzpfEihf yGxwxm;aomfvnf; xdtoif;}uD;. A[dem,utzG@J / twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J Eihf S Jkf k k S A[dtvkytr_aqmif tzG@J 0iftm;vH;k rSm tm%modr;f ppfAvcsKyrsm;jzpfa=umif; awG@&&onf? k f kd f f Sd jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;udk jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf t"Gef@&Snf=umpGm wnfwef@ cdi+f rJa&;/ wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; csp=f unfa&;/ EdiiawmftcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf e,fajrwnf k k kfH wH@ci+f ra&;/ Ediiawmfz@HG +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;ESihf at;csr;f om,maom acwfrEiiawmf}u;D ay:ayguf kd J kfH D kd f H vma&;twGuf umuG,apmifa&Smuf&ef t"dÏmefjyKv#uf zG@J pnf;xlaxmifxm;onf[k qdk f h aomfvnf; vufawG@wirl jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf ppftm%m&Sipepf t"Ge@f &n=f umpGm wnf Gf kd f S wH@ci+f rJa&;twGuf a'guwitjzpfEiom toH;k cscc&onfukd awG@&&ayonf? kd f kd f S hf H hJ Sd jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;ESihf Edii0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if kd kfH vlxvwef;pm; tv$mtoD;oD;udk rrSeuefaom enf;vrf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh twif;t=uyfor;f oGi;f kl f d zG@J pnf;xm; toif;tzG@J wpfck jzpfonf@tjyif ppftpd;k &.vky&yfrsm;udk enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh axmufcH f 0ef; &Hay;a&;/ twdutcHEiia&;orm;rsm;udk t=urf;zufwucurrsm;tygt0if enf;rsKd ; kf kd f H kd f kd f _ pHjk zifh qef@usiwucua&;/ wd@k uom wpdurwfrwf vkyaqmifay;cJ&a=umif; awG@&&ayonf? f kd f kd f kd kf f h Sd jynfo@l 0efxrf;tm;vH;k ygwEiia&;ESihf uif;&Si;f &rnf[k twif;t=uyf vufrwf D kd f H S a&;xd;k cdi;f cJaom ppftpd;k &onf ,cktcg jynfo@l 0efxrf;trsm;pk yg0ifaeaom jynfci+f zdK; kh kd toif;tm; Ediia&;ygwwcktjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;&ef ajcvSr;f jyifv#u&onf? 2005 ckEpf kfH D f Sd S 'DZifbm(6)&ufae@wif &efue+f rKd @ wuUov&yomvrf;opf&Sd jynfci+f zKd ;A[dXmecsKyfY usi;f y G k kd f d f kd k jyKvkycaom owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGwif jynfci+f zdK;taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; AdvcsKyfaX;OD; u f hJ JG kd kf Ediia&;tajctaeESihf vlxqENtay:rlwnf+y;D jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk Ediia&;ygwtjzpf ajymif; kfH k kd kfH D vJz@JG pnf;aumif; zG@J pnf;&rnf[k xkwaz:ajymqdconf@tjyif wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wa&; f k hJ k Gf ygwD (wpn). taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; (AdvrLS ;}u;D a[mif;) OD;cifarmif}u;D uvnf; jynfcif kf kd +zdK;toif;onf 2010 ckEpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufywif Ediia&;toGiaqmifaom toif; S JG G k f H f tzG@J tjzpf ul;ajymif;+y;D yg0if,O+f yKd i&eftpDtpOf&onf[k ,ckEpf azaz:0g&vtwGi;f 'Dyat Sf Sd S D D *smrefowif;Xmeod@k xkwaz:ajymqdconfukd awG@&&onf? f k hJ Sd ,ckvnf; etzppftpd;k &u 4if;wd@k . zG@J pnf;yHtajccHOya'(rl=urf;)udk vmrnf@ k arvwGif jynfv;kH u|wf qENc,yjJG zifh twnfjyKrnf@ausnmcsuEihf 2010 ckEpwif taxGaxG Hl fS Sf G a&G;aumufyopfjyKvkyrnf@ ausnmcsursm;udk xkwjf yefconf@ azaz:0g&v(9)&ufae@rpI JG f f hJ D S 5 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf etz. zG@J pnf;yHtajccHOya'(rl=urf;)udk jynfovxwpf&yfv;kH rS kd k llk axmufcray;=u&ef wpfjynfv;kH wGif enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh pnf;&H;k v_y&m;v#u&onf? tqdyg Oya'udk HJ fS f Sd k qef@usiuef@uurnf@orsm;udvnf; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh +cdr;f ajcmuf[ef@wm;r_rsm; jyKvkyv#u&Sd f Gf l k f f onfuawG@ &onf? 4if;tjyif 2010ckEpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyY 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKif&ef t kd S JG S wGuf a'ocHjynfovxtay: =oZmanmif;aom jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. trnfpm&if;rsm;udk llk kd vnf; }uKd wifjyKpkv#u&onf? f Sd 'Drua&pDEiz@HG +zdK;wd;k wufa&;tiftm;pk. okawoeESihf rSwwrf;wifXme (NDDkd S hf f DRD) taejzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. v_y&m;aqmif&urrsm;ESiywfoufonf@ rSwwrf;rSw&m kd fS G f_ hf f f rsm;udk pepfwus pkaqmif;+y;D rSwwrf;wifxm;cJonftjyif xl;jcm;csursm;udvnf; tywfpOf f hh f k jynfwi;f owif;oH;k oyfcsuf (Weekly Inside News Commentary) rsm;jzifh tcgtm;av#mf G pGm oH;k oyfaz: jycJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. twGi;f o&kyrersm;udk EdiiwumrS avhvmod&Eif h kd fSf kfH Sd kd ap&eftwGuf “The White Shirts” trnf&Sd pmwrf;wpfapmifukd 2006 ckEp/f arvwGif S t*Fvybmomjzifh xkwa0jzef@csc+hJ yD; jzpfygonf? df f d ,ckwpf}udrwivnf; “jynfci+f zdK; od@k r[kwf ppftm%m&Sipepf.a'guwirsm;” f Gf kd f f kd f trnf&Sd pmwrf;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;jyKpkI jzef@a0vduygonf? &nf&,csurm kf G f fS jynfci+f zdK;toif;wGif ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh yg0ifae=u&olrsm;tygt0if jrefrmjynfol kd wpf&yfv;kH taejzifh ppftm%m&Sirsm;u jynfci+f zdK;toif;tm; rnfonf@&nf&,csujf zifh f kd Gf zG@J pnf;ay;xm;+yD; rnfo@kd toH;k csaeonfukd trSetwdi;f / t&dtwdi;f / odjrifoabmayguf fk Sk em;vnfvm=u+y;D trSm;trSeukd a0befyi;f jcm; qH;k jzwfEiap&ef &nf&,yga=umif; rdwquf f kd kd f Gf f wifjytyfygonf? okawoeESihf rSwwrf;wifXme f 'Drua&pDEihf zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&;tiftm;pk kd S 2008 ckEp/f rwfv (1)&uf S 6 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk ed ' gef ; 1990 jynfEp/f jrefrmEdiitaxGtaxGa&G;aumufywif rJtjywftowfjzifh tEdi& hS kfH JG G kf &Scaom trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf. a&G;aumufy&vm'fukd ppftpd;k &u todtrSwf rjyKcJh d hJ kd JG ay? xd@k tjyif ppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k csKyuixm;aomtm%m qufvufwnf+rap&eftwGuf f kd f J jynfovxukd enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh pnf;¶H;k odr;f oGi;f &ef jynfci+f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifpk }uhcia&;ESihf llk kd H kd f zG+H zdK;a&;toif;udk zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifconf? jynfxa&;0ef}uD;XmewGif rSwwrf;wif&mY hJ J f jynfo@l tusK;d udk o,fy;kd aqmif&u&ef vlra&;tzG@J tpnf;wpfctaejzifom rSwywifcaomf Gf _ k h f kH hJ Gf llk _ vnf; vufawG@wir_ jynfovxtm; t=urf;zuf/ +cdr;f ajcmufrrsm;a=umifh emrnfq;kd jzihf ausm=f um;vmchonf? J jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;jcif;jzifh vlxvwef;pm;ESihf t&yfom;v_y&m;r_tm;vk;H ukd kd kl fS csKyfui+f y;D aemiftem*wf Armjynf.Ekiia&;udk xde;f csKyf&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;tzJ@G u kd dfH h kd OD;aqmif+yD; etzppftpd;k &. vrf;jyajrykaxmufca&;ESihf vlxpnf;¶k;H a&;vkyief;rsm;udk vkyf H H k f aqmifconf? wcsewnf;Yyif vlxacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; yk*Kd~ vfa&; ykwf hJ df k cwfrrsm;udvnf; vkyaqmifconftjyif *smr%DemZDygw. &Sy!wyfz@JG uo@kd vlru/f vl&rf; _ k f hJ h D f dk hJ kd um;tvkyrsm;udyg vkyaqmifconf? f k f hJ jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf ppftm%m&Sipepf oufq;kd &Snapa&;twGuf jynfovx. kd f f llk ae@pOfb0rsm;udk enf;trsK;d trsK;d jzifh xde;f csKyf&ef tm;xkw}f udK;yrf;cJonf? jrefrmjynf. h ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra&;e,fy,frsm;tay:wGivnf; ‚if;wd@k . =oZmvGr;f rd;k r_ rsm;pGm _ f &Saeonf? jrefrmhvabmiftzG@J tpnf; wpfcv;Hk udvnf; tm%m&SippfAvrsm;. pdwwi;f us d l k k f kd f f kd jyefvnfz@JG pnf;&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJonf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdiitwGi;f twkutcHtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf h kfH df 'Drua&pDa&;v_y&m;olrsm;udk qef@usionfh Ediia&;t=urf;zufrtrsm;pkwif jynfci+f zdK; kd fS f kfH _ G kd toif;u ud,wiu,us yg0ifywfywfconfukd awG@&onf? TuJo@kd vlruqefqef &rf; k f kd f kd f hJ h kd f um;onf@tjyKtr_rsm;onf ,ae@ jrefrmjynfv@l tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f ysE@HS v#u&aeaom t H f dS a=umufw&m;rsm;. t"du tajccHta=umif;w&m;rsm; jzpfayonf? jrefrmppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k . vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd tok;H jyKI jynfol kd f k dk rsm;t=um; ta=umufw&m;v$r;f rd;k aeatmif rnfo@kd yif pDrzef;wD;xm;cJaomfvnf; jrefrm H h jynfwi;f &Sd 'Drua&pDa&;v_y&m;olrsm;ESihf omrefjynforsm;onf taESmiftzG@J uif;aom vGwf G kd fS l vyfrtppftrSeukd &,l&ef qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? 8 av;vk;H vlxta&;awmfy}Hk u;D ESihf 2007 ckEp/f _ f k S =o*kw/f pufwifbmvrsm;twGi;f ay:ayguconf Ak'bmom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; OD;aqmif f hJ < cJonfh a&$0ga&mifawmfvea&;}uD;onf xif&m;onf@ oufaoom"ursm;jzpfconf? h Sf S hJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;}uD;. xdyyi;f &mxl;rsm;udvnf; ppftm%m&Sif etz ppfAvf kd f kd k kd 7 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; csKyfrsm;u &,lxm;onfukd awG@&&onf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf etz ppftm%m&Sirsm;ESihf dS kd f wom;wnf; jzpfaeojzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u vkyaqmifaom t=urf;zufrrsm;ESihf vl@tcGihf dk f _ ta&;csKd ;azmufrreor#onf tm%m&Sippftpd;k &rS usL;vGecsK;d azmufjcif;om jzpfayonf? _Sf f f ‘ud,tm;ud,u;kd ud,0efu,xrf;jcif;onf oef@pifrejf rwf+y;D a&&Snwnfwef@ k hf kf k hf kd f G f cdi+f rJygonf? xd@k a=umifh toif;.&HyaiGukd toif;om;wd@k . pkaygi;f vkytm;jzifh &SmazGo;Hk pGJ k Hk f rnf’[k jynfci+f zdK;toif;. tajccHpnf;rsO;f rsm;t& tajccHrY jyXmef;xm;onf? od@k &mwGif kd l vufawG@tm;jzihf ‚if;wd@k . ud,yip;D yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGivnf;aumif;/ toif;&HyaiG &SmazG k f dk f f f Hk ok;H pG&mYvnf;aumif;/ wdi;f jynf.b¾maiGrsm;ESihf &ky0wˆKrsm;udk &,lo;Hk pGjJ cif;/ &if;ES;D jrKyfEI J k f HS tusK;d tjrwf&mazGjcif;ESihf tqifqifaom ppftpd;k &,E ,m;wd@k . yHy;kd ulnrj_ zifom vkyuif S hh W h Dh f kd aqmif&uv#u&onfukd aw@&ayonf?1 Gf f dS G etzppftpd;k &u }uKd ;udixm;onfh trsKd ;om;nDomcHukd ,H=k unfaxmufca=umif; kf H jyo&ef vlpva0;yGrsm;udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;u wpfjynfv;kH Y OD;aqmifusi;f ycJonf? jynfol kl J kd h vlxtm; twif;t=uyfwufa&mufap&ef +cr;f ajcmufci;f apr_rsm;wGif wufºupmyg0ifconf? k d dk GG hJ rnfo@kd yifjzpfap jynfci+f zdK;toif;udk Ediia&;ygwwpfctoGif ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;&ef tvm; kd kfH D k tvmESiywfowfI txl;pd;k &drp&mjzpfae+yD; xdvyaqmifrreor#onf etz ppfAvcsKyf hf f k kf _Sf kd f rsm;twGuf tm%mudk qufvufcsKyuixm;Edi&ef }uKd yrf;tm;xkwjf cif;om jzpfayvdrrnf? f kd f kf hf trnfcH t&yfom;tpd;k &wpfcukd [efjyzG@J pnf;Edia&;twGuf OD;wnfaejcif;om jzpfayonf? k kf ppftpd;k & oufq;kd &Snaeor#umvywfv;Hk vltcGita&;csK;d azmufrrsm;vnf; qufvuf f hf _ jzpfay:ae+yD; jynforsm;taejzifh tzdEycb0rS vGwajrmuf&mvrf; &Svrrnf r[kway? l dS f H f d d hf f ,ckwifjyxm;aom pmwrf;wGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif; zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufy/kH toif;0if dk pkaqmif;ykH pkaqmif;enf;rsm;/ jynfci+f zKd ;ESihf EkiiwumtzG@J tpnf;rsm;.tajctae/ jynfci+f zKd ; kd dfH kd toif;. tem*gwEiia&;&yfwnfcsu/f vlpva0;yGrsm;/ ombma&; yÉdyuQrsm;ESihf t=urf; f kd f H kl J f H S zufwucurrsm;jzpfay:vmatmif zefw;D vkyaqmifaeykrsm;udk vufvr;f rDor# wifjyxm; kd f dk f _ ygonf? Tpmwrf;udkzwf&_jcif;tm;jzifh jynfolvlxktaejzifh jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zG@H +zKd ;a&;toif;. Zmwdo&kyreukd ud,wiu,us avhvmod&cihf &&Svrrnfjzpfayonf? fSf k f kd f kd f dS G d d hf jynfci+f zdK;toif;tm; axmufctm;ay;aejcif;onf jynfovxtm; zdEyaeaom etz kd H llk dS f ppftpd;k &udk axmufcaejcif;omjzpfa=umif; od&vmayvdrrnf? wqufwnf;Yyif jynfovl H dS hf l xktm;vk;H Ekiia&;tod Ed;k =um;vm+y;D +ir;f csr;f a&;ESihf 'Drua&pDyef;wdiopfqo@kd wnDw!$wf dfH d kd kf D wnf; av#mufvr;f Edi=f urnf jzpfayonf? Sk 8 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk tcef ; (1) jynf a xmif p k } uH @ cd k i f a &;ES i f h z G H @ +zd K ;a&;toif ; zG J @ pnf ; yk H ? jynfci+f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uhcia&;ESiz+HG zdK;a&;toif;udk 1993 ckEp/f pufwif kd H kd f hf S bmv 15 &ufae@wif toif;tzG@J zG@J pnf;a&;qdi&mOya' Association Law (SLORC Law G kf 6/88) atmufwif ppftpk;&u uruxjyKI zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? jynfxa&; G d J 0ef}uD;XmewGif rSwwrf;wif&mY jynfotusK;d udk o,fy;kd aqmif&urnf@ vlra&;tzG@J wpfck f l Gf _ taejzifom rSwywifcaomfvnf; wu,fvufawG@wirl ppftm%m&Sif oufq;kd &Snapa&; h f kH hJ h Gf f twGuf w&m;0ifygwwpfctoGif zefw;D +yD; Ediia&;avmuxJo@kd 0ifa&muf&ef ajcvSr;f jyif D k kfH ae+yD jzpfonf? 2005 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv (6)&ufae@ eHeufyi;f &efue+f rKd @/ wuUov&yomvrf;&Sd S dk k kd f d f jynfci+f zKd ; A[dXmecsKywif jyKvyconfh owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGwif jynfci+f zKd ; taxGaxGtwGi;f kd k fG k f hJ JG kd a&;rSL; OD;aX;OD; (ac: ) AdvcsKyfaX;OD;u Ekiia&;tajctaeESihf vlxqENtay:rlwnf+y;D tzG@J 0if kf dfH k (22)oef;ausm&aom jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd Ekiia&;ygwwpf&yftjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;aumif; f dS kd dfH D zG@J pnf;rnf[k t&dytjrGuf ajym=um;cJonf? f h wqufwnf;Yyif toif;.pkz@JG y/Hk avhusioif=um;ay;ykEihf v_y&m;r_rsm;t& etz hf HS fS ppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k .tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf jynfci+f zdK;toif;udk Ekiia&;awmifyH kd dfH (Political Wing) wpfctaejzifh tok;cs&ef&nf&,+f yD; zG@J pnf;cJonfrm xif&m;ayonf? k H G h S S jynfci+f zdK;toif;tm; A[dem,uESifh em,utzG@J rsm;/ taxGtaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;/ dk k wGzuftwGi;f a&;rSL;/ A[ktvkyraqmifaumfrwDEihf t+rJwrf;tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm; J d f_ S onf? txl;ojzifh A[dem,utzG@J 0ifrsm;wGif wyfrawmfumuG,a&;OD;pD;csKyf/ 'kw,wyfr k f d awmfumuG,a&;OD;pD;csKy/f umuG,a&;OD;pD;csKyf (=unf;)/ umuG,a&;OD;pD;csKy(av)/ umuG,f f f f f a&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)/ ppfr[mAsL[m avhvma&;Xme}uD;rSL;/ ppfa&;csKyf/ ppfaxmufcsKyf/ ppfO;D pD; t&m&ScsKy(=unf;)ESihf ppfwi;f rSL;rsm;tm;vk;H yg0ifonfukd awG@&&onf? A[dem,utzG@J 0ifrsm; df kd Sd k jzpf=uonfh ppfwi;f rSL;rsm;onf oufqi&m jynfe,fEiwi;f toif;rsm;wGif em,ursm; kd kd f S hf kd 2 jzpfae=uonfukd awG@&&onf? xd@k tjyif toif;. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;/ twGi;f a&;rSL; Sd tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf A[dtvkytr_aqmifaumfrwDtzG@J 0ifrsm;udvnf; ppftpd;k & 0ef}uD;rsm;/ 'k k f k 0ef}uD;rsm;ESihf zG@J pnf;xm;onfukd awG@&onf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk wdi;f tqif/h c¶ditqif/h +rKd @e,ftqif/h &yfuutqif/h aus;&Gm kd k kf Gf tqif[I us,us,jf yef@jyef@ zG@J pnf;xm;+yD; toif;udk txufratmufo@kd qifuqifuJ hl f S hJ h vkyyicitm%mtyfEi;f xm;aom zG@J pnf;ykrsKd ;jzifh vnfywfaqmif&uonf? od@k aomfvnf; f kd f G hf S H Gf jynfci+f zdK;toif;. A[kXmecsKyfrS aus;&Gmrsm;&Stoif;cGrsm;txd &mxl;}uD;rsm;udk ppfwyf dk d d J 9 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; xdyyi;f t&m&S}d uD;rsm;uom qkyuixm;onf? xd@k jyif jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf jrefrmEdiiH f kd f kd f dk kf w0Sr;f vH;k &Sd aus;&Gm&yfuuf &,u OuUXrsm;ESihf +rdK@e,f r,u OuUXrsm;udvnf; vkyyicihf G k k f kd f G tm%mrsm; ay;tyfxm;onfukd awG@&onf? xdo@kd vkyyicitm%mrsm; ay;tyfxm;jcif; k f kd f G hf onf oufqdkif&mwm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;ESifh vmbfay;vmbf,rrsm; ydrusL;vGevmap&ef wGe;f tm;ay;ouJo@kd jzpfaeonf? l_ k kd f h toif;.vkyief;rsm;udk ykrevy&m;aqmif&uEi&eftwGuf etztm%mydirsm; f HSf _fS G f kd f kf u &kyyi;f qdi&m taxmuftulypPn;f rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tcGitvrf;rsm;udk pDpOfaqmif&uay; f kd k f hf Gf 3 kd k kf kd onf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;¶H;k rsm;udvnf; toif;.e,ursm;jzpfaom a'oqdi&m ppfwi;f rSL; rsm;tjyif oufqi&m jynfe,f/ wdi;f wm0efcH A[dtvkytr_aqmifaumfrwDtzG@J 0if 0ef}u;D kd f k k f rsm;. yH@y;kd aqmif&urj_ zihf zG@J pnf;avh&onf? xd@k a=umifh jynfci+f zdK;toif;rsm;ESihf &H;k rsm;onf Gf Sd kd ppftpd;k &. pD;yGm;a&;taxmuftyH@rsm;&&d+S yD; ykrevnfywf aqmif&uaeEdijf cif; jzpfonf? HSf Gf k txufazmfjyyg zG@J pnf;ykrsm;udk =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf etzppf H kd tm%m&Sirsm;u zG@J pnf;ay;xm;aom vufuiwwtzG@J wpfck taejzifomru etz tm f kd f k f h %m&Sirsm;ud,wif yg0ifaeaom tm%m&tzG@J tpnf;}u;D wpfck jzpfaeonfukd awG@Eionf? f k f dk kd f jynfci+f zdK;toif;. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&rSL;jzpfol v,f,mpduysK;d a&;ESihf qnf kd kf ajrmif;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD; (AdvcsKyf)OD;aX;OD;u jynfci+f zdK;toif;. OD;wnfcsursm;onf EdiiH kf dk f kf awmf+ir0yfyjd ym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J (e0w) (1997 ckEptxd ac:a0:ok;H pGcaom ppftpd;k & df Sf J hJ trnf). OD;wnfcsursm;ESihf tvm;wljzpfa=umif;/ toif; pwifz@JG pnf;wnfaxmif+yD; &uf f owWywftenf;i,ftwGi;f Y xkwazmfajymqdconf?4 f k hJ jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm;vH;k onf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiEihf jrefrmEdiiom;wd@k dk kfHS kfH tm; opPm&S&ef/ 'd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;twdi;f vduemusi}hf uH&ef/ at;csr;f om,m+yD; acwfrD d k kf zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufaom Ediiawmfopf}uD;ay:xGe;f vm&ef/ r&yfrem; }udK;yrf;tm;xkw=f u&efEihf kfH S toif;}uD;.usi0wf(Code of Conducts)rsm;udk vduem&ef usr;f opPm useq=kd u&onf?5 hf kf df 'd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;rSm jynfaxmifpr+ydKuGa&;/ wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wr_ r+ydKuGa&;ESihf k J k $f J tcsKyftcsmtm%mwnfwci+f rJa&; wd@k jzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ hH dk dk kfH vlra&; OD;wnfcsu(12)&yf zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&;udvnf; OD;wnfaqmif&u&onf? jynfci+f zdK; _ f k Gf kd toif;u csrwxm;aom tqdyg OD;wnfcsu(12)&yfEihf 'd@k wm0efta&; (3)yg;wd@k rm wu,f Sf k f S S vufawG@wif tESpom&tm;jzifh uif;rJ+h yD; 0g'jzef@csa&;r#om jzpfayonf? G f d od@k aomfvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf Ediia&;ygwrsm;udk wduf¶u+f cdr;f ajcmufae kd kfH D k kd aom t=urf;zufrrsm; jzpfay:vmatmif toH;k jyKEdionfh tcsu(4)&yfyg jynfo@l oabm _ kf f xm;rsm;udk csrwconf? tqdyg jynfo@l oabmxm;(4)&yfrm jynfytm;ud;k ykqe¶;kd / tqd;k jrif S f hJ k S df 0g'rsm;tm; qef@usi=f u/ Ediiawmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;udk aESmif,uzsuf D kfH hSf 10 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk qD;olrsm;tm; qef@usi=f u/ Ediiawmf.jynfwi;f a&;udk 0ifa&mufpuzuf aESmuf,uaom kfH G Gf Sf jynfyEkiirsm;tm; qef@usi=f u/ jynfwi;f jynfy tzsuorm;rsm;tm; bH&efotjzpf owfrwf dfH G f kl S acsre;f =u [lIjzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;.vkyief;onf tqdyg tcsu(4)csuukd udiqI _ kd f k f f k f JG ppftpd;k &tm; xdyg;vmolreor#ukd tjrpfjywfacsre;f &efyif jzpfonf? Sf _ jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk ppftm%m&Sioufq;kd &Snap&efEihf ppftpd;k &tm; qef@usivm kd f f S f olrsm;udk wducuacsre;f &ef &nf&,z@JG pnf;xm;onf@tavsmuf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;rS usL;vGef k f kd f _ Gf kd aom vky&yftm;vk;H twGuf etzppftpd;k &xHwiom vH;k 0 wm0ef&ayonf? jynfci+f zdK; f Gf dS dk toif;tm; tm%mv$ajymif;ay;jcif;onf etzppftpd;k &taejzifh omreft&yfom; tpd;k & J wpf&yfukd trnfcwpfctaejzifom zG@J pnf;ay;+y;D ‚if;wd@k .tm%mudk qufvufcsKyfuixm; Hk h kd f Edia&;twGuf }udK;yrf;r_wpfcyifjzpfayonf? kf k ----------------------------- 11 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tcef ; (2) jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;. toif;om;opf wdk;csJ@pkaqmif;jcif;enf;AsL[mrsm;ESifh ynm tjcm;u a&;/ pD ; yG m ;a&;/ usef ; rma&;ES i f h tjcm; u ¾rsm;wG i f 0if a &muf p G u f z uf a er_ r sm;? jrefrmEdiiwif jynfci+f zdK;toif;0if ta&twGuonf ae@csi;f ncsi;f w[kex;kd kfH G kd f f wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJonf? 1996 ckEpf aESmif;ydi;f umvrsm;wGif toif;0ifaygi;f (5) oef;ausmf h S k 6 r#om &Sconf? od@k aomfvnf; 2007 ckEpwif jynfe,f/ wki;f tqifh toif;aygi;f 17 oif;/ d hJ Sf G d c&kitqifh toif;aygi;f 66 oif;/ +rdK@e,ftqifh toif;aygi;f 320/ &yfuuaus;&Gm tqifh df Gf toif;aygi;f 15334 oif; zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD;/ toif;0iftjzpf todtrSwjf yK+yD;ol 24 '\r 5 oef;txd tqrwef wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJonf?7 jrefrmjynfvO;D a& pkpaygi;f (55) oef;ausmf h l k &Sonfteuf (24) oef;ausmonf jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJonf? tb,fa=umifh dh f dk h Tod@k wd;k wufrsm;jym;vm&oenf;? jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESiz@HG +zdK;a&;toif;. zG@J pnf;ykY toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif kd f hf H qEN&orsm;udom pkaqmif;a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? toif;om;rsm;udk t&G,a&muf+y;D onfh Sd l k f ouf}u;D toif;om;ESihf t&G,ra&mufao;onfh oufi,ftoif;om;[lI (2)rsK;d cGxm;onf? f J touf (10) rS touf (18)ESpt=um; &Sorsm;udk oufi,ftoif;om;rsm;/ touf (18)ESpf f dl txuf&orsm;udk ouf}u;D toif;om;rsm;tjzpf owfrwxm;onf?8 dS l Sf jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf toif;om;opfpaqmif;&mwGif qENtavsmuf[k kd kf k ok;H E_e;f xm;aomfvnf; wu,fvufawG@wirl toif;0ifjzpf&efqENr&Saom tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;/ h Gf d ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;&Sirsm;yg0ifonfh jrefrmjynfovxukd toif; f f llk 0ifrsm;jzpfvmatmif pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf tjcm;u¾rsm;wGif enf;rsK;d _ pkjH zifh rufv;kH ay; qGaqmifpnf;&k;H jcif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? xd@k jyif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cdr;f ajcmuf J f hJ t=uyfuiI twif;t"rRpaqmif;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvyconf? Tonfrm jynfci+f zKd ;toif; kd f k k f hJ S kd . t"du toif;om;pkaqmif;a&;enf;AsL[m tppftrSersm;jzpf+yD; jrefrmhv@l tzG@J tpnf;. f t"dutcef;u¾rsm;wGif wjznf;jznf; ae&m,lvmcJonf? vlxtwGi;f Yvnf; ta=umufw h k &m;rsm;ESihf pd;k &drpwrsm; ydrw;kd yGm;vmapcJonf? fd f k kd h jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf jynfovxukd enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf vdrvnfvnjhf zm;I kd kf llk f S ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufapcJonf? toif;om;opfrsm; pkaqmif; kd f k kd h &mwGif jynfovx. tdraxmifpk pm&if;Z,m;rsm;udk =unfI touf(15) ESprS (30)ESpf llk f h f twGi;f &Sorsm;udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;0if tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ touf (30)ESihf (40)t=um; dl kd &Sorsm;udk pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J 0ifrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif; twif;t"rR pm&if;xnfoi;f cJonf? dl f hG h 12 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk touf(18)ESptxuf trsK;d orD;rsm;udvnf; ppfAvcsKyuawmfrsm; OD;aqmifonfh trsK;d orD; f k kd f f 9 d a&;&mtzG@J wif twif;t"rR 0ifa&mufapcJonf? xd@k jyif rdom;pktzG@J 0ifrsm; jyefvnfpppfay; G h onf[qI &Gmol&mom; trsm;tjym;udvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0if av#mufvmrsm;udjk znfh k kd G k dk $ &ef twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;cJ=h uonf? tjcm;enf;vrf;wckrm a&G;aumufyrsm;twGuf S JG oef;acgipm&if; aumufconf[qI jynfovxukd jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k vdrvnfowoi;f f H k kd llk dk f GfG 10 cJjh cif;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef wpfenf;wzHtm;jzifh ysuuuf (od@k )jiif;qef k fG olrsm;udk ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf vlra&;udprsm;wGif trsK;d rsK;d taESmuft,Suf _ P ay;+y;D tcGitvrf;rsm; enf;yg;atmif jyKvyconf? om"uwpfctaejzifh yJc;l wki;f / ausmuf hf k f hJ k d }u;D +rKd @e,f&dS vufeufuiu&ifwi;f &if;om;rsm; xde;f csKyf&me,fajrrsm;wGif v,f,mvkyief; kd f dk f jzifh toufarG;ae=uaom &Gmom;rsm;udk tm%mydirsm;u 1993 ckEpwif vufeufuioyef kf Sf G kd f l k rsm;ESihf tquftoG,vyonf[pypum twif;t"rR a&G@ajymif;cJ+h yD; ‚if;wd@k v,f,majr f kf k G f JG rsm;wGif v,f,mvkyuiciuyg wm;jrpfywyifconf? od@k aomfvnf; tm%mydirsm;u tqdk f kd f G hf kd d f hJ kf ygv,form;tcsK@d ukd ‚if;wd@k taejzifh jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufygu qk;H &_;H oGm;cJaom kd h 11 v,f,majrrsm;udk jyefvnfvyuiciay;rnf[k pnf;&k;H qGaqmifconf? tm%mydirsm; k f kd f G hf J hJ kf taejzifh &d;k om;r_r&Sonfrm odomxif&m;vSayonf? d S S jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;r_ trsm;qH;k cH&olrsm;rSm ausmif;ol kd ausmif;om;/ vli,frsm;/ tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;eSihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;&Sirsm; jzpfonf? ausmif;ol f f ausmif;om;rsm;onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k r0ifrae& twif;tusyf 0ifa&mufae&jcif; kd a=umifh tzG@J 0ifrsm; jzpfae=uonf? tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if tpd;k &twGuf tvkyvyuif f k f kd aeonfh rnforqdk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k wm0efwpfctaejzihf 0ifa&muf&ef owfrwjf yXmef; l dk k S xm;onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; xlaxmifvyuivorsm;taejzihvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k f k f kd f kd l f dk 0ifa&mufygu tudsK;tjrwf tcGitvrf;rsm; &&Srnf[k ar#mvifxm;=uonf? xd@k a=umif@ hf d fh pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef qENr&Saomfvnf; ‚if;wk@d .vkyief; dk d f rsm; tqifajyacsmarG@apa&;ESihf ae@pOf&ioef &yfwnfa&;wd@k twGuf toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef Sf qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;&Sirsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . ae@pOf vkyief;cGif kd f f f rsm;wGif txl;tcGita&;rsm;taejzihf tcGeuif;vGwci&&Sjd cif;ESihf tm%mydirsm;. tquf hf f f G hf kf rjywf [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm;rS uif;vGw=f uonf? xd@k jyif twdutcH Ediia&;ygw0ifrsm; S f_ kf kfH D k kd f fGf kd udvnf; oufqi&mygw/D tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS E_wxuapI jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;jcif;/ +cr;f ajcmuft=uyfuijf cif;/ rufv;Hk ay;jcif; pojzifh enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d udk toH;k jyK d kd I qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? J h jrefrmEdiiwif ppftpd;k &ESihf wdi;f &if;om;vufeufuitzG@J rsm;t=um; tqufrjywf kfH G k kd f 13 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; jzpfym;aeaom jynfwi;f ppfrsm;a=umifh jynfovxrsm;onf jrefrmppfwyf. twif;t"rR G G llk ay:wmqJjG cif;udk r=umc% &ifqiae&onf? aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd vli,fv&,rsm;onf jynfci+f zKd ; kd f lG f kd tzG@J 0ifjzpfygu(od@k ) jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufygu a&S@wef;ppfrsuEmrsm;wGif ay:wmxrf; dk fS aqmif&jcif;rS vGw+f ir;f cGihf &&S=d uonf? xd@k a=umifh vli,ftrsm;pkonf jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifjzpf&ef d kd pdwtm;xufoefc=hJ uonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf weoFm&Dwi;f / avmif;vHòk rd@e,f/ a&csr;f / awmif f kd wGi;f arSm/f jyif;awmponfh aus;&Gmrsm;wGif jrefrmppfwyf cr& (401)u ay:wmzrf;qD;pOf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if 12 OD;/ trsK;d orD; 37 OD;ESihf usetrsK;d om; 17 OD;/ pkpaygi;f 66 OD;udk zrf; kd f k qD;rdconf? xdupukd òr@d e,fjynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u c&dijf ynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J xH wdi=f um;awmif;qdk hJ k dP kd k kd k ojzifh jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0iftm;vH;k ESihf trsK;d orD; 37 OD;udk jyefvway;cJonf?12 kd $f h xd@k jyif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifuwfjym;&Sv#if rnforqdk EdiitwGi;f vGwvyfpm c&D; kd d l kfH f G oGm;vmEdionf? toif;0ifu'fjym;udk Ekiiom;rSwywifwckuo@kd tok;H jyKEionf? rdom;pk kf kd f H f Hk hJ kd f tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf rdwaqGtaygi;f toif;rsm;. aetdrrsm;wGif ntdywnf;ckv#ivnf; vGwf f f f df 13 vGwvyfvyf wnf;cdEionf? txl;ojzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifu'fjym; udiaqmifxm;jcif; f k kd f dk kf a=umifh tusKd ;tjrwf&&Sorsm;rSm jrefrm¶d[if*smrsm; jzpfonf? jrefrm¶d[if*smrsm;taejzifh dl k k jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifuwfjym;rsm;udk jyoEdiygu jrefrmEdiitwGi;f wGif vGyvyfpm c&D;oGm; kd kf kfH f G vmEdionf? tpPvmrfbmom0ifrsm;jzpfonfh ¶d[if*smvlrsKd ;rsm;onf jynfwi;f c&D;oGm;vm kf k G a&;wGif jrefrmEdiiom; pdppfa&;uwfjym;rsm; r&Saoma=umifh tcuftcJrsm; r=umc% awG@ kfH d }uKH &onf? xda=umifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifuwfjym; vuf0,f&jdS cif;onf ‚if;wd@k twGuf c&D;oGm; k dk vma&;udk ydrv,ul acsmarG@apcJonf?14 k kd G f h jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;onf aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd tdr,mjcHajrrsm;udvnf; t kd f k 15 hf zd;k tcenf;enf;jzifh aqmufvyaexdicihf &&S=d uonf? txl;tcGita&;rsm;taejzifh jynf kf kfG cki+f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;. aetdrrsm;wGif w,fvze;f v_i;f rsm;wyfqifay;jcif;/ (um;r&Saomf d f Dk d d vnf;)wpfvv#if "gwq*gvH (60) xkway;jcif;/ EkiijH cm;c&D;pOfrsm;apvGwjf cif;/ pojzifh fD f df tzG@J 0ifr[kworsm;ESihf tcGitvrf;rsm;pGm uGmjcm;aeonfukd awG@&onf?16 +rdK@e,fjynfcif fl hf kd +zdK; tr_aqmifrsm; e,fajrpnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm;xGu&mwGivnf; jynfe,frS pufb;D rsm;ESihf f f 17 qdiu,frsm; axmufyay;cJonf? EkiijH cm;c&D;pOfrsm;wGivnf; jynfci+f zdK;tqifqifrS t kf hH h df f kd hh vkytr_aqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm;/ toif;0ifrsm;tm; vli,fa&;&mudp&yfrsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f Iaomf f P vnf;aumif;/ EdiiwumtawG@t}uHK &&Sa&;twGuaomfvnf;aumif; jynfyEdiirsm;od@k kfH d f kfH apv$way;cJonf? 1995 ckEprS 1997 ckEptwGi;f jynfci+f zKd ;toif;rS toif;om; OD;a&(160) fh Sf Sf kd OD;udk tm&SEihf Oa&my&Sd Ekiiaygi;f (20)ausmo@kd tacguta&twGutm;jzifh (65)acguf S dfH f f f 18 yd@k aqmifapv$wconf? f hJ jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;taejzifh toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ dk kf 14 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk vlra&;e,fy,frsm;/ tpd;k &Xmersm;ESihf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;twGi;f enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf _ kf 0ifa&mufpuzufaeykrsm;udvnf; qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf? Gf H k ynma&; ,ae@jrefrmjynf. ynma&;pepfukd avhvm=u!frnfqv#if jynfci+f zdK;toif;. h kd kd =oZmvGr;f rd;k r_ rsm;pGm&Saeonfukd awG@&rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEkiiwif tajccHynmtqifjh zpf d dfH G aom pmoifausmif; pkpaygi;f (40521)ausmif;ESihf tqifjh rifynmtqifjh zpfaom wuUovf k h kd ESihf aumvdyaygi;f (64)ck &Sonf? tajccHynmtqifwif q&m/ q&mraygi;f (240878)OD;ESihf f d hG ausmif;om; ausmif;olaygi;f (7783400)OD; &S+d y;D / tqifjh rihynmtqifwif q&m/ q&mraygi;f f hG (10232)OD; ESihf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olta&twGuf (705784)OD; &Sonf?19 tpk;d &0efxrf; d rsm;jzpfonfh ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k wm0efwpfctaejzihf r0if kd k rae& 0ifa&muf&ef owfrwjf yXmef;xm;onf? txl;ojzihf ausmif;om;vli,ftrsm;pkonf S ud,yiqENrygyJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf zdtm;ay;cHc&olrsm; k f kd f kd hJ jzpfonf? ‚if;wk@d taejzihf toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef jiif;qefcygu ausmif;rSxwypf&ef +cdr;f hJ kf ajcmufjcif;/ pmar;yGrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufajzqdcihf rjyKjcif;/ pmar;yGatmifrwf jynfratmif J kG J S h DS 20 ray;jcif;/ pojzifh enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cdr;f ajcmuft=uyfuijf cif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? kd f hJ Oyrmtm;jzifh 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwv (3)&ufae@wif jrefrmEdiitv,fyi;f jrif;+cH S f G kfH kd tpd;k &enf;ynmaumvdyrS ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef f kd tm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay;+cdr;f ajcmufconf? c&kif jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;. trde@f t& kf hJ d kd kf [kqum tqdygaumvdyrS enf;jyq&m/ q&mrrsm;u jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifyprsm;udk wapmif kd k f kd Hk H v#if (200)usyEe;f jzifh ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk twif;t"rRa&mif;csconf? tu,fI f_ hJ jynfci;f +zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qdygu pmar;yG0ifa&mufajzqdcirjyK[kvnf; +cdr;f kd k J k G hf 21 ajcmufajymqdconf? tcsK@d aom ausmif;om;rsm;.tqdt& jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k r0if k hJ k kd a&mufv#if jynfwi;f jynfy avhvma&;c&D;rsm;/ pm=unfwuo;Hk pGcirsm;/ um,avhusicef; G h kd f J G hf hf 22 oifwef;rsm;wufa&mufjcif;/ ponftcGita&;rsm; qk;H &_;H onf[k qdonf? h hf k xd@k jyif 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwv (15) &ufpjJG zifh xkwjf yefaom ArmEdiiv;Hk qdi&m ausmif; S f kfH kf om;or*~tzG@J csKyf (EdiijH cm;a&;&maumfrwD) owif;xkwjf yefcsuwivnf; jrif;+cH+rdK@ tpd;k & kf f Gf enf;ynmaumvdyf (*swp)rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk rjzpfrae jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef D DD dk c&kdifat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;aumifpD (c,u)ESifh +rdK@e,fjynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;rSwqifh zdtm;aycJonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef h vufrwrxd;k onfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk ausmif;ac:csef rSwwrf;ray;[kqI ausmif;om;rsm; Sf d f kd rSm ausmif;ac:cserjynfv#if pmar;yG0ifa&mufajzqdci@f r&rnfup;kd &draoma=umifh qENr&SyJ df h J kG kd f d 15 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; rausreyfjzifh vufrwx;kd cJ&onf? Sf h &Hzef&cg ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufap&ef }udK H dk wifaqG;aEG; wdiyifjcif;r&SyJ tjcm;vkyief;wpfcukd ta=umif;jyum jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k kf d f k kd oGwoi;f cJonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh rE av;+rKd @wif touf(12)ESptxuf&dS ausmif;ol/ ausmif; fGh W G f om;rsm;tm;vk;H udk Ediiom;pdppfa&;uwfjym; xkway;&eftwGu[aom ta=umif;jycsujf zifh kfH f fl yufpyd@k p"mwfyrsm;udk a'ocHtm%mydirsm;xH ay;tyf&ef q&m/ q&mrrsm;rS awmif;cHchJ f kH kf onf? ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;u ‚if;wd@k xH jynfci+f zdK; toif;0ifu'fjym;rsm; a&mufvm kd aomtcseusrS ‚if;wd@k ."gwyrsm;udtoH;k csI jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tjzpf t"rRowoi;f df f kH k dk GfG cHvu&a=umif; od=u&onf?23 kd f ausmif;om;vli,fwpfO;D csi;f pD. ynma&;qdi&m tcGitvrf;rsm;onf jynfci+f zKd ; kf hf kd toif;0ifjzpfjcif;/ rjzpfjcif;tay:wGif rlwnfae+y;D toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif ynma&;tcGihf tvrf;rsm;udk rufv;kH wpfctaejzifh toH;k jyKcJonf? ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk toif; k h 0ifrsm;tjzpf pnf;&k;H odr;f oGi;f &mwGif ynma&;ESihf c&D;oGm;vma&udprsm;Y vG,ul acsmarG@ P f ap&ef pDpOfay;rnf[k jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;u rufv;Hk rsm;ay;cJonf? txl;tcGita&; kd kf h hf wcktaejzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;wGif wufwufºuºG uG yg0ifaqmif&uaeonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif; kd Gf kd 0if ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk Edii&yfjcm;od@k ynmawmfoiftjzpf oGm;cGijhf yKrnf[k ynm kfH a&;0ef}uD;Xmeu trde@f xwjf yefconf?24 ausmif;om;/ ausmif;ol trsm;pkonf toif;0if k hJ jzpf&ef qENr&Saomfvnf; ynma&;ESihf tjcm;tcGitvrf;rsm;a=umifh toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJh d hf =uonf? xd@k jyif wmcsvw+f rKd @rS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifwpfO;D .tqdt& toif;od@k 0ifa&mufaom Dd kd k ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;onf oufqi&m bmom&yfrsm;wGif tenf;qk;H trSwf (20)cef@ kd f 25 tydaqmif; &&da=umif; od&onf? toif;vkyief;rsm;wGif tcseueI ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm; k S f df kf udk rvduEicaomfvnf; tcsewefv#if vktyfonftrSwrsm;udk jznfay;cJonf? jynfwi;f k f kd f hJ df d h f hh G c&D;oGm;vma&;udprsm;wGivnf; Ediiom;pdppfa&;u'fjym;rvdtyfyJ jynfci+f zdK; toif;0if P f kfH k dk 26 u'fjym;jzihf vGwvyfpm oGm;vmcGi&&donf? xd@k jyif xl;c|eaom toif;0ifausmif;ol/ f G hf S f ausmif;om;rsm;udk vl&nfc|efrsm;tjzpf jynfcdkif+zdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;u todtrSwfjyKI *k%jf yKqkcs;D jrSic@J onf? Tod@k jzifh tjcm;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udyg jynfci+f zdK; hf k kd toif;od@k 0ifa&mufvmatmif qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJ=h uonf? J pD ; yG m ;a&; jynfaxmifp}k uHcia&;ESihf zG@+H zdK;a&;toif; tm%myditqifqifonf oufqi&m h kd f kf hh kd f jynfe,f/ wdi;f em,ursm;ESihf jynfe,f/ wdi;f wm0efcH A[dtvkytr_aqmifrsm;. oabmwl k k k f 16 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk cGijhf yKcsur&bJ rnfonfp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;udr# vkyuijf cif;rjyK&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f f h f k f kd S Zefe0g&v 23 &ufpyg pmtrSw-5§}u@H cia&;§95 (061) jzifvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifp}k u@H D JG f kd f h cdia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;/ &yfuu§aus;&Gmrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;tvk@d im rnfonfp;D yGm;a&; kf Gf S h vkyief;udr# vkyuicirjyKa=umif; XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v 23 &ufpyg pmtrSwf k f kd f G hf S D JG f 5§}uH@cia&; §95 (547)jzifvnf;aumif; !$e=f um;xm;onfukd awG@&onf? kd f h od@k aomfvnf; 1995 ckEp/f Zlviv 9 &ufae@wif jyKvyonfh jynfci+f zKd ; A[dtvkyf S dk_ f G kf kd k tr_aqmiftzG@J (11§95)tpnf;ta0;rS jynfe,f§wdi;f §c&ki§+rKd @e,f jynfaxmifpk }u@H cia&; k df kd f ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;rsm;onf toif;.&HyaiGtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyuicijhf yK&ef Hk f f kd f G qk;H jzwfconf? tqdygp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif&mwGivnf; pnfrsO;f / pnf;urf;rsm;ufkd hJ k f f f txl;owdjyK vkuemaqmif&uom;&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f Zlviv 27 &ufae@pyg pm df GfG S d_ f JG trSwf 5§}uH@cia&;§95 (547)jzifh !$e=f um;cJonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyief; vkyaqmif&mwGif kd f h f f vkuem&rnfh pnf;urf;csursm;rSmdf f (u) EkiiEivrsK;d twGuf tusK;d ,kwaprnfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; jyKvkyjf cif;rjyK&ef? d f H S hf l f f (c) toif;tqifqif. pnf;&k;H a&;udk xdcuaprnfh tjcm; pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS aqmif hh kd f &Guaeonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKifaqmif&ur_ rjyK&ef? f f S Gf (*) toif;tqifqif. *k%oumudk !_;d EGr;f ao;odrapaom/ toif;0ifrsm;. tusipm&dwW hh fdQ f hf ysujf ym;apaom/ trsm;jynforsm;.tjrifwif rwifw,faom pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; aqmif l G h f &Gujf cif; rjyK&ef? (Oyrm-t&ufqivyief;/ om;owfvyief;) ponfw@dk jzpfonf?27 kd f k f kf trSewu,fvufawG@wirl jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif f Gf dk f f &mwGif azmfjyygtcsursm;ESihf qef@usiaeayonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u jrefrmEdii. pD;yGm;a&; f f dk kfH tcef;uÀwpfck &,lxm;jcif;onf etzppftpd;k &tm; aps;uGup;D yGm;a&;pepftwGi;f &Sd f pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;rsm;udk tvG,wul xde;f csKyfEiatmif vrf;zGiay;cJonf?28 f kd f hf h jref*%jf rifur%onf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyief;jzpfonf? 1995 k h k` D dk f ckEpqef;rSpI e0w(,ck etz). yHy;kd r_jzifh usyf 68 oef; &if;ES;D jrKyfEI “jref*%jf rif” ukr%D Sf h HS k h ` udk wnfaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? e0w (etz)u v$ay;onfh '*Hòk r@d opfajrmufyi;f yifv&wem J kd kH aps;}uD;&Sd qdicef; 382 cef; a&mif;&aiG usyf 39 oef;ESihf vpOfim;&rf;c usyf 6 aomif;cGEihf kf S JS e0w (,ck tez)u v$ay;onfh ajreDue;f aps;rSvnf; usyoef; 200 &&Sconf? xd@k a=umifh J k f d hJ jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;onf EdkifiHydkift&if;tjrpfrsm;udktoHk;ðy+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&uc&m wpfEptwGi;f usyaiG 36 ukaÉausmEihf qdicef;iSm;crsm;vnf; vpOfoef;csI G f hJ Sf f fS kf D 29 &&Sconf? 1995 ckEp/f pufwifbmv jynfci+f zKd ;ESpywfvnf tpnf;ta0;od@k wifoi;f aom d hJ S dk f G 17 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tpD&ifcpmt& jynfci+f zKd ;taejzihf EdiiawmfyiypPn;f rsm;udk tok;H jyKI pD;yGm;a&;vkyuic&m H kd kfH kd f f kd f hJ 30 tjrwfaiGppaygi;f 362 oef; &&Sconf? kk d hJ xd@k jyif jrefrmhausmufrsu&wemaps;uGuEihf jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;OD;ydivrwuftygt0if f fS kf DD pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;pGmudvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u xde;f csKyfxm;onf?31 jynfci+f zdK;toif; f k kd kd onf &efuewi;f / vdi+f rdK@e,f ajrwdi;f &yfuuf trSwf (24)&Sd ajr{&d,m{u (15.507)udk vGJ k f kd _ k G ajymif;&,lxm;+y;D ‚if;ajruGursm;udk cswywwif'gpepfjzihf a'ocHv,form;rsm;tm; tiSm; f d fd f 32 csay;cJonf? ppfui;f wdi;f / rif;uif;òr@d e,fwivnf; tqifjh rifh v,f,majrazmfxwa&;rsm; h kd k Gf kf twGuf a'ocHjynfovxk axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmudk t"rRvytm;ay; apcdi;f cJ+h yD; tEdiusir_ ll kf k k f hf rsm; ðyvkyconf? ‚if;v,f{uopf (3000) teuf armfvuwif tajcpduonfh cr& 364 f hJ kd f G kf ESihf cr& 366 wyf&if;rsm;u {u (1000) pD/ rif;uif;òrd@e,f jynfci+f zdK;toif;u {u (500) dk cGa0,l+yD; useonfh {u (500) udom a'ocHjynforsm; &&Sconf?33 J f k l d hJ etzppftpd;k &. axmufytm;ay;r_ od@k r[kwf Ediiawmfyif b¾maiGrsm;ESihf ypPn;f hH kfH kd rsm;udk toH;k jyKI vkyuiaqmif&uaeaom vkyief;rsm;pGmvnf; &Sonf? Oyrmtm;jziff kd f Gf f d h &xm;/ vdi;f um; ponfh c&D;onfo,f,y@kd aqmifa&;vkyief;rsm;/ tiSm;um;vkyief;/ tcGeaiG k l f f f aumufcjH cif;vkyief;/ Ediiu;l vufrwrsm;xkway;jcif;vkyief;/ pduysL;d a&;ESihf igarG;jrLa&; f kfH Sf f f kf vkyief;rsm;/ ajruGursm;ESiaps;qkicef;rsm;tiSm;cspm;jcif;/ bdvyfajrtdyrsm; o,f,y@kd aqmif f f hf df f l a&;vkyief;/ aomufo;Hk a&jzef@a0jcif;vkyief;/ ausmufxwvyief;/ tkwzwvyief;/ za,mif; f f k f kf fk f kf wdif a&mif;csonfvyief;/ tif;vkyief;/ ul;wd@k vyief;/ pyg;oD;pm;csjcif;vkyief;/ yJ/ESr;f 0,f,l k h kf f kf f odavSmifjzef@jzL;jcif;vkyief;/ jynfyrS armfawmfum;rsm;/ armfawmfqiu,frsm;ESihf wm,mrsm; k f kd f udk tcGeuif;vGwpmjzifh wifoi;f jcif;vkyief;/ pojzifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; f fG G f f 34 jzpf=uonf? xk@d tjyif jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;onf tEkynmvkyief;rsm;wGif kd f f vnf; wjznf;jznf;csi;f v$r;f rd;k csKyfuivmcJonf? ,cifu AdvcsKyfcif!e@f OD;aqmifaom kd f h kf $ ppfaxmufve;f a&;rsm; vkyuiconfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;enf;wl“ a&$pif” AD',kd &kuu;l S f kd f hJ f GD d f xkwvya&;ukr%D zG@J pnf;wnfaxmif+y;D pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;udk pwifvyuiconf? ,cif f kf ` f k f kd f hJ ppfaxmufve;f a&;tzG@J &pOfu“ apwref ”emrnfEihf AD',/kd pD'/D ADp'D aw;pD;&D;xkwvya&; S dS S GD GD f kf rsm;omru/ &ky&ixwvya&;vkyief;rsm;udyg pD;yGm;jzpf us,jf yef@pm vkyaqmifconf? fSf k f kf f k G f hJ AdvcsKyfcif!e@f OD;aqmifonfh ppfaxmufve;f a&;rsm;udk acsre;f +yD;onfaemufyi;f umvwGif kf $ S _ h kd xdapwrefur%ukd vuf&ppftpd;k &u odr;f ,lum ,ckjynfci+f zKd ; (ac: ) jynfaxmif}u@H cia&; k k` D dS dk kd f 35 ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;u a&$pif trnfjzifh jyefvnfz@JG pnf;I vkyaqmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif f pma&;q&mrsm;/ ¶kyf&Sifo¶kyfaqmifrsm;ESifh tjcm;tEkynmvkyfief;rsm;tay:wGifvnf; toif;0ifjzpfjcif;/ rjzpfjcif;tay:r_wnfI uef@owfcsKyfcs,rrsm; &Sconf? om"utm;jzifh f_ d hJ 18 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk jynfci+f zdK;toif;0if tEkynm&Sirsm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k . tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk a&mif;cs&m kd f wGivnf;aumif;/ yHEyxwa0&mwGivnf;aumif; atmifjrifr&&S&ef tcGitvrf; ydrsm;onf? f k dS f k f f _d hf k jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qdaom tEkynm&Sirsm;udk 4if;wd@k . tEkynmvkyief; dk k f f 36 rsm; ydwyifc&rnf[k +cdr;f ajcmufrrsm; jyKvkyconf? fH _ f hJ jrefrmEdiitwGi;f pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;opfrsm; xlaxmifvyui&ef vkyief;cGijhf yKcsuf kfH f k f kd f f trde@f rsm; csay;jcif;udvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u OD;pD;csKyuiconf? xdvyief;rsm;udk ,cifu k kd f kd f hJ k kf 37 f kG kf ppfaxmufvr;f a&;a[mif;rsm;rS OD;pD;vkyuiconf? vkyief;Xmewpfcwif twdutcHtif S f kd f hJ tm;pktzG@J rsm;rS tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; tvkycef@tyfxm;onfukd awG@&ygu vkyief;&Sitaejzifh f dS f f vkyief;cGijhf yKcsuf vdipif&yor;f jcif; cH&onf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u &efue+f rKd @&dS um;ydi&irsm;udk f kf kf d dk k kfSf trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKy0ifrsm;tm; ,mOfarmif; (od@k r[kw) um;py,f,mtvkyrsm;wGif kd f f f cef@xm;jcif;rjyK&ef/ tu,fIvkuem&ef ysuuucygu ‚if;wd@k .vkyief;rsm;udk ydwyifjcif; df f G f hJ f f (od@k r[kw) axmif'%f tjypfay;jcif;rsm;udk &ifqirnf[k +cdr;f ajcmuf!e=f um;cJonf?38 f kd f $ h toif;.pnf;urf;csut& toif;tqifqifh *k%oumudk !S;d EGr;f ao;odrapaom f h fdQ f toif;0ifrsm;. tusipm&dwysujf ym;apaom/ trsm;jynforsm;.tjrifrm rwifw,faom/ hf W l S h pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; aqmif&ujf cif;rjyK&[k !$e=f um;xm;aomfvnf; vufawG@wif jynfci+f zKd ; f G G dk tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf t&ufqirsm; zGivpa&mif;csI pD;yGm;&Smaeonfukd awG@&&onf? Oyrm kd f hf S f dS tm;jzifh rE av;+rKd @/ r[matmifajr+rKd @e,f/ oDwmat;&yfuu&dS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifvnf;jzpf/ W Gf kd &yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (&,u)vnf;jzpfonfh OD;at;az qkou Gf dl t&ufqiukd ajymifajymifwif;wif; zGivpa&mif;csI pD;yGm;&SmcJonf?39 kd f hf S f h jrefrmjynfwi;f &Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;. +cdr;f G f dk ajcmufrrsm;/ taESmift,Suf ay;r_rsm;udk r=umc% &ifqi&onf? 2005 ckepf/ Ed0ifbmv _ h kd f k (4)&ufae@wif jrefrmEkiitv,fyi;f yckuL+rKd @e,frS e,fajrcH jynfci+f zKd ;twGi;f a&;rSL; wpfO;D G dfH kd U dk jzpfol udausmwifu 4if;.wynf@rsm;udtoH;k jyKI +yKd ifbufp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;&SiwpfO;D jzpfol k fh k f f ud&e0if;.vkyief;rsm;wGif rqDrqdif 0ifa&mufpuzuf+y;D touftE &m,fuyg +cr;f ajcmuf k dS f f k Gf W kd d &ef&mcJonf? tqdygtwGi;f a&;rSL;onf {&m0wDjrpfavSqy. ukewifuecsvyief;rsm;udk Sh k df f kf kf vnf; csKyfuixm;cJonf? r=umc%qkovkd toif;&HyaiGtwGu[ta=umif;jyI pD;yGm;a&; kd f h d kH fk orm;rsm;xHrS aiGa=u;aumufc+H y;D rdru,usKd ;twGuf ok;H pGconf?40 Ttcsuonf tjcm; d kd f J hJ f pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS vkyaqmifaeaom pD;yGma&;vkyief;rsm;wGif 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKif f f S aqmif&ujf cif;rjyK& [kqonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;rS jyXmef;xm;onfh pnf;urf;csursm;ESihf zDvm G kd kd f qef@usif jzpfaecJonf? h 19 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tpd k ; &Xmersm; tpd;k &0efxrf;rSev#if tvdtavsmuf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifjzpfonf[k jyXmef;xm; f k kd aoma=umifh jrefrmEkii&dS tpd;k &XmetoD;oD;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom Xmeqdi&m dfH kf 0efxrf;rsm;tm;vk;H onf toif;0ifciav#mufvmykprsm;udk rjznfpu&yJ tvdtavsmuf G hf $ HH hG f k jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfae=uonf? tcsK@d tpd;k &tr_xrf;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k tm; today; kd jcif; od@k r[kwf ‚if;wd@k .oabmwlnrr&SbJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvm&jcif;a=umifh D_ d kd rnfonfae@&ufwif toif;od@k 0ifa&mufconfukd owdrrlrc=hJ uacs?41 h G hJ h d 2007 ckEpwif u&ifjynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd qufo,a&;XmetoD;oD;wGif wm0efxrf; Sf G Gf aqmifaeaom 0efxrf;rsm;udvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef !$e=f um;vmcJonf? k kd h tvm;wlpm tm%mydirsm;u 1998 ckEprpI todtrSwjf yKxm;onfh Zlviv (3) &uf G kf SfS kd f jrefrmEdiitrsK;d orD;rsm;ae@ukd *k%jf yKonfh taejzih[qum u&ifjynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd 0efxrf; kfH f k kd rsm;tm;vk;H udk jynfci+f zdK;/ trsKd ;orD;a&;&mtzG@J Eihf rdcifEiuav;apmifa&Smufa&;toif;od@k kd S S hf h tjrefq;Hk 0ifa&muf=u&ef jynfe,f at;csr;f om,ma&;ESiz@HG +zKd ;a&;aumifp(y,u)u !$e=f um; hf D csuwpfapmif xkwjf yefconf? jrefrmEdii&wyfz@JG &JcsKyf&;kH uvnf; jrefrmEkii&dS &Jwyfz@JG 0if f hJ kfHJ dfH tm;vk;H udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf+yD;jzpfa&; tav;xm;=uyfrwf aqmif&uom;&ef kd GfG oufqi&m+rdK@e,frsm;tm; !$e=f um;cJonf? xd@k jyif av#mufvmrwif&ao;onfh wyfz@JG 0if kd f h $ rdom;pkrsm;udvnf; wpfvtwGi;f tm;vH;k av#mufxm;&ef trde@f xw!e=f um;cJonf?42 k kf$ h tpd;k &Xmersm;Y tvkyvyui&ef qEN&orsm;onf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifr[kwygu f k f kd f dS l dk f oufqi&m +rKd @e,fjynfci+f zKd ; OuUXESifh twGi;f a&;rSL;wk@d xrS axmufca=umif; vufrwa&;xd;k kd f kd H H Sf xm;onfh axmufcpmrsm; wygwnf; ,laqmifvm&onf? tqdygaxmufcpmrsm;&&S&ef H k H d twGuf +rKd @e,fjynfci+f zKd ;OuUXESihf twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;udk tenf;qH;k aiGusywpfaomif;cef@ ay;& kd f onf? axmufccsuryg&ygu tpd;k &tvkywpfck &&S&eftwGuf tcGitvrf; tvGeenf; H f dS f d hf f 43 yg;onf? wpkwpfa,mufonf tpd;k &0efxrf;wpfO;D jzpfvmygu tvkyukd ab;tE &m,f H f W uif;&Si;f pGm a&&SnvyaqmifEi&eftwGuf Ediia&;ESiuif;&Si;f &onf? tjzpftysuwpfct& f kf kd f kfH hf fk tpd;k &0efxrf;wpfO;D onf trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyu pDpOfcaom toem;cHpm (Petition) kd f hJ wpfctm; vufrwa&;xd;k cJjh cif;ESiywfoufI jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;u etzppftm%m k Sf fh kd ydirsm;xH wdi=f um;cJojzifh tvkyrS xkwy,fjcif;cHc&onf?44 kf k h f f hJ twd k u f t cH t if t m;pk r sm; jrefrmjynf&dS twkutcHygwrsm; txl;ojzifh trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) df D kd onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;. toif;om;pkaqmifa&; enf;AsL[mrsm;ESihf xdywuf &ifqiae& dk f kd kd f onf? txl;ojzifh NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf ygwrS E_wxu&ef rufv;Hk ay;qGaqmifjcif;/ zdtm; D fGf J 20 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk ay;+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm;udk ae@pOf&ifqdkifcJh&onf? jrefrmppftpdk;&owif;pmrsm;wGif NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf ygwukd qef@usiEwxuaeonf[k r=umc%qdovdk a&;om;azmfjycJonf? D f_ f G f k h trSewu,ftm;jzifh ygw0iftrsm;pkonf ygwukd qef@usiI Ekwxu=f ujcif;r[kwyJ tm%m f D D f fG f ydirsm;. zdtm;rsm;ESihf rufv;Hk ay;qGaqmif pnf;&k;H jcif;rsm;a=umifh Ekwxuc&jcif;jzpfonf? kf J f G f hJ tzG@J 0iftrsm;pkonf ynma&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tcGitvrf;rsm; ydr&&Srnf[aom ar#mvifcsuf hf k kd d l fh rsm;jzifh tzG@J csKyfrS E_wxu=f uonf? tjcm;wbufwium; tm%mydirsm;. qENrsm;udk fG Gf kf r vduavsmygu rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;twGuf a&&Sn&yfwnfa&;udyg +cr;f ajcmufvmEkionfh kf f kd df twGuf tzG@J csKyfrEwxuc&ol trsm;tjym;&Sconf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap tm%mykirsm;. S k f G f hJ d hJ df twm;tqD; taESmuft,Sursm;=um;xJuyif }uH@}uH@c+H yD; tzG@J csKyfvyief;rsm;udk wpkuf f kf d rwfrwf vkyaqmifaeolrsm;vnf; &Sconf? f d hJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygwtm; tiftm;cse@J ap+yD; aemufq;kH wGif ygwtm; kd D d D vk;H 0zsuor;f ypfEi&eftxd xdywef;ppft&m&Srsm;. ulnyy;kd r_jzifh pepfwus pDrue;f a&;qGJ fd kd f f d D hH Hd vkyaqmifconf? xd@k enf;wlpm jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf ppftpd;k &u csrwxm;aom tao; f hJ G kd Sf pdwprcsursm;twdi;f toif;om;opfrsm;udvnf; pepfwus pkaqmif;cJonf? toif;0ifopf fDH f k k h rsm; pkaqmif;&mwGif tESmuft,Suay;jcif;/ +cr;f ajcmufjcif; po!fh enf;vrf;rsm;udk toH;k jyK f d vkyaqmifaeaomfvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. xkwjf yefa=unmcsursm;ESihf tpD&ifcpm trsm; f kd f H tjym;wGir_ toif;om;pkaqmif;a&;udk ydrorarG@aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh aqmif&uae f k kd d f Gf a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? 2003 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv 31 &uf ae@pjJG zifh jynfci+f zdK;em,u/ vkyief;aumfrwDEihf S kd f S qyfaumfrwDrsm;tm;vk;H od@k jzef@a0aom awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f. vsKd @0uprcsuwpfcwif S fDH f k G jrefrmjynfwi;f &Sd trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyEihf tjcm; twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;. pdw"gwf G kd fS kf f a&;&mESihf v_y&m;r_e,fajrrsm; usO;f ajrmif;vmap&efEihf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;rS omref fS S kf tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufvmap&ef pnf;&k;H vkyaqmif&r!fh jynfci+f zdK; dk f kd toif;. pDrcsursm;udk &Si;f vif;pGm azmfjyxm;onf? wcsewnf;Yyif ‚if;OD;wnfcsursm;udk Hf df f taumiftxnfazmfEi&eftwGuf jynfci+f zdK;toif;u vkyenf;vky[ef trsKd ;rsKd ;udk pepf kd f kd f f wus yHpcs pDpOfconf? Oyrmtm;jzifh pnf&;Hk a&;vkyief;pOfrsm;ESiywfoufI jynfci+f zdK; kH hJ f hf dk toif;0ifrjzpfao;olrsm;tm; toif;0ifrsm;jzpfvmatmif pnf;&k;H &efEihf toif;0iftjzpf S ryg0ifEiorsm;udk twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;twGi;f od@k r0ifa&mufom;Ekiatmif pnf;&k;H &ef kd f l kf G df wd@k jzpfonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh qef@usibuftzG@J tpnf;rsm;.e,fajrrsm; usO;f ajrmif;vm f ap+y;D wjznf;jznf; yaysmufom;atmif; vkyaqmif&efjzpfonf? xd@k jyif pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;ESihf G f f ywfoufI twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm; OD;armhrvmEdiatmif ‚if;wd@k vyaqmifaeaom kf kf kf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tao;pdwfavhvm+yD; tvm;o¾mefwl pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; 21 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; xlaxmifI ,SOòf ydivyaqmif&ef jzpfonf? xd@k tjyif omreftwdutcHtzG@J 0ifrsm;. pD;yGm; f kf kf a&;vkyief;onf jynfponft&if;tES;D r&Sygu jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if trmcHrsm;rSwqifh yk*Kd~ va&; f h Hk h d kd f cifrifatmif aygi;f oif;+yD; &if;ES;D aiGaxmufyI ‚if;wd@k tm; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k yg0ifvm Hh kd 45 atmif qGaqmifpnf&;Hk &efw@kd jzpfonf? J 2007 ckEp/f rwfvtwGi;f Y jyifO;D vGi+f rdK@e,f trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf twGi;f S kd a&;rSL; OD;bxl;udk tzG@J csKyfuae E_wxuay;&ef +rdK@e,fjynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&; fGf kd f toif;rS OD;cifarmifat;u rufv;Hk ay; qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? OD;bxl;.tqdt& ygw0if J h k D rsm;udk tzG@J csKyfrEwxu&ef vduvpnf;&k;H &mwGif tm%mydirsm;u aiGa=u;rsm;/ *stufpf Sk f G f kfH kf D trf w,fvze;f rsm;ESihf vkyief;vkyyiciuefx&kursm; ay;urf;I pnf;&H;k cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; Dk f f kd f G hf df h jyifO;D vGif tzG@J csKyf0ifrsm;u tm%mydirsm;. rufv;Hk rsm;udk *&krpduyJ tzG@J csKyfvyief;rsm;udk kf kf kf 46 t&Set[kerysuf qufvufvyuiom;rnf[k qk;H jzwfcsucsconf? df f k f kd f G f hJ 1998 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmvwGif jrefrmEkiiawmifyi;f urf;&k;d wef;wdi;f ppfXmecsKyfwif Sk dfH dk k G jyKvkyaom tpnf;ta0;wpfcwif wufa&mufvmaom trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J f kG kd 0ifrsm;udk trSw(19) ppfaxmufvr;f a&;Xmet}uD;tuJ AdvrL;jrifO;D u “rdrw@kd taejzifh f S k fS h d Ekiiw0Sr;f jyKvyaom jynfo@l qENazmfxwyrsm;wGif azmfxwjf yocJ=h uaom jynfow@kd .qEN dfH kf k f JG k l udk av;pm;&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ jynfovxtaejzifh NLD ygwukd w&m;r0iftoif;tjzpf wm; llk D jrpfywyifay;&ef arwWm&yfcxm;a=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh +rw+f rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd ygw0ifrsm;taejzifh df H d D ,ckvrukecif tzG@J csKyrEwxuay;=u&ef ajym=um;vda=umif;/ owfrw&uftwGi;f tzG@J csKyf f fSk f G f k Sf rS Ekwxuay;&ef ysuuuorsm;udk ta&;,laqmif&uom;rnfjzpfa=umif;” xkwazmf ajym fGf fGfl GfG f =um;oGm;cJonf? tqdygowday;csuonf trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0if 1000 ausmf h k f kd ESihf jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;vS,f 200 OD;udk zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f +y;D r=umcif xGuay:vmjcif;jzpf $f kd f f 47 onf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygw0ifrsm;udk +cdr;f ajcmufI ygwrEwxuapjcif;/ kd D DS_ f G f ygwtm; qef@usi¶@H_ csjcif;ESihf ygwtm; zsuor;f ay;&ef awmif;qdaejcif;rsm;udk enf;vrf;rsKd ; D f D fd k pHk toH;k jyKI vkyaqmifconf? ppftpd;k &ydir',mrsm;ESihf owif;pmrsm;wGivnf; NLD ygwD f hJ kfDD f 0ifrsm; Ekwxuaeonfta=umif;udk r=umc% tus,cs@J I azmfjycJonf? 2006 ckepf/ fGf h f h {+yvukeyi;f wGif NLD tzG@J 0if 130 eD;yg;cef@ ygwrS E_wxuca=umif; ppftpd;k &rD',mrsm;u D f kd D f G f hJ D 48 a=unmcJonf? od@k &mwGif NLD ygwonf tzG@J 0if (4)OD;. w&m;0ifEwxupmrsm;udom h D _fGf k &&Sconf?49 Ttcsuukd =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh tjcm;E_wxurrsm;onf twif;tusyf apcdi;f d hJ f f G f_ k cHc&jcif;om jzpfEiz,&I ygw0if(4)OD;omv#if pdwrvHaoma=umifh ygwo@kd ‚if;wd@k vy&yf hJ kd f G f dS D fk D kf rsm;udk 0efccjhJ cif;jzpfonf? H 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwvwGif jrefrmEdiitv,fyi;f ppfui;f wdi;f / a&$b+kd rdK@e,fwif S f kfH kd kd k G 22 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKytzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; +cr;f ajcmufI ygwrEwxuf kd kd f d DSk f G cdi;f cJonf? 2007 ckEp/f ZGev(11)&ufae@wivnf; rE av;wdi;f / jyifO;D vGi+f rdK@ om,muke;f kh S f Gf W k aus;&GmrS tzG@J csKyf pnf;tzG@J 0if udaersKd ;atmif.aetdro@kd &yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf k f Gf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (&,u) tzG@J 0ifrsm;/ e,fxr;f &Jrsm;/ jynfci+f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm; a&muf&Sd d kd f vm+yD; tzGJ@csKyfrS E_wfxGufay;&ef twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;cJhonf? xdk@tjyif jyifOD;vGif aemifcrf;}uD;aus;&GmrS tzG@J csKyfpnf;tzG@J 0if ud0if;Advf udvnf; ZGev(17) &ufae@Y &,urS kk k f ac:,l+cdr;f ajcmuf+yD; owif;ay;tjzpfwm0efay;tyfrukd ud0if;Advu jiif;qdconf?50 _ k kf k hJ ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf tzG@J csKyfygwtzG@J 0ifrsm;udk rufv;Hk kd f k kd D trsK;d rsK;d ay;I tzG@J 0iftjzpfrS Ekwxu&ef qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? a&$b+kd rdK@e,f trsK;d om; fGf J h 'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf wGzuftwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;atmifrsK;d . tqdt& a'ocHtm%mydirsm;ESihf kd J k kf D jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'o&Sd NLD ygwtzG@J 0if v,form;rsm;udk kd ygwrS Ekwxuygu twd;k vGwf pduysK;d a&;acs;aiGrsm; xkway;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay;um ygw0if D fGf kf f D tjzpfrS Ekwxuci;f cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; tzG@J 0ifrsm;rSm ygw0iftjzpfrS Ekwxu&ef qENr&Sd f G f kd h D fGf 51 Sk dk ojzifh xdurf;vSr;f csuukd vufrcHc=hJ uay? 2005 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmvtwGi;f u jynfci+f zdK; k f toif;0ifrsm;onf rE av;wdi;f twGi;f &Sd NLD ygwtzG@J 0ifrsm;.aetdrrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufI W k D f ygw0ifrsm;tm; jzpfay:vmrnfh rnfonfjh y\emrsK;d udrqdk umuG,ay;rnfjzpfa=umif; ajym D k f 52 qdc+hJ yD; ygwrEwxuci;f cJonf? xd@k tjyif jrif;+cH+rdK@e,f v$wawmfu,pm;vS,f OD;armif k D S _ f G f dk h f kd f armif0if;udvnf; ygwrEwxuI pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;wpfck xlaxmif&ef usyaiG oef;aygi;f rsm; k DSk f G f f f pGmudk twk;d vGwf tcsetuef@towfr&Sd acs;iSm;I pnf;&k;H cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; OD;armif df h 53 armif0if;onf ygwrS Ekwxu&ef jiif;qdconf? D fGf k hJ jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; tjcm;enf; kd kd vrf;trsK;d rsK;d ok;H Ivnf; taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? 1999 ckEp/f azazmf0g&v 20/21 wGif fh S D &efuewi;f tif;pde+f rKd @e,frS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if (3)OD;onf ayguuaus;&GmrS a'ocH&mom;(20) k f kd dk fH G ausmw@kd tm; trnfpm&if;rsm;ESiwuG oGm;a&mufI NLD ygwrS E_wxua=umif; twif; f hf D fGf t"rR vufrwa&;xd;k cki;f cJonf? tqdyg&mom;rsm;onf trSewu,f NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm; Sf dh kG f r[kw=f uacs? od@k aomfvnf; jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf tqdyg&mom;rsm;tm; t}urf;zuf kd kG vky&yfrsm;wGif NLD ygwEihf ylaygi;f }upnfonf[k pGypum twif;t"rRvufrwf a&;xd;k cki;f f DS H f JG S d jcif;jzpfonf? 1999 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmvwGivnf; ppfui;f wki;f / uav;0+rKd @e,f NLD jrKd @e,fpnf; Sk f kd d &ka&;aumfrwD vli,fpnf&;Hk a&;wm0efcH a':cifEi;f =unftm; vuf&&mxl;rS Ekwxuay;&ef H S dS fGf twif;t"rR zdtm;ay; vufrwa&;xd;k cdi;f cJonf? tu,fI rE_wxuv#if 4if;.cifye;f jzpfol Sf kh fGf G tvkyjf yKwfrnf[k twif;t"rR zdtm;ay;I vufrwa&;xk;d cdi;f cJjh cif; jzpfonf? olrtaejzifh Sf k vufrwx;kd &ef jiif;qdcjhJ cif;a=umifh tusK;d quftaejzifh vifr,m;uGm&Si;f jywfpay;&onfh Sf k J 23 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; taetxm;od@k qdua&mufconf?54 kf hJ xd@k jyif jrefrmEkiitv,fyi;f rE av;wdi;f twGi;f &Sd rwW&mESihf wHwm;OD;+rKd @e,frsm;&Sd dfH dk W k trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;udvnf; ygwrS Ekwxu&ef ppftpd;k & vufuiwwf kd k D fGf kd f k jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u zdtm;ay;cJonf? rE av;wki;f trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf A[dk kd h W d kd aumfrwDtzG@J 0if a':0if;jrjr.tqdt& wHwm;OD;+rdK@e,f jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzpfaom udk k kd atmifjrif/h ud0if;pdeEihf udwif!e@f w@kd OD;aqmifaomtzG@J onf aus;&Gmrsm;wGif vSn@f vnfI k fS k $ NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; tzJ@G csKyfrS Ekwxuap&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? wHwm;OD; +rdK@e,ftwGi;&Sd D fGf h f ZD;yif&yaus;&GmrS trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKy0ifrsm;udk wpftrv#if wpfa,mufEe;f qifac:I df kd f df _ h ygw0iftjzpfrS ,cktcseEwxuygu jzpfvmrnfjh y\emrsm;udk umuG,ay;rnfjzpf+yD;/ D dfk f G f f tu,fI rE_wxuygu anmifEpyiftrsK;d om;nDvmcHt+yD; tzG@J csKyftm; w&m;r0iftzG@J fGf Sf tpnf;wcktjzpf ausnmonftcseusrS jzpfay:vmonfh jy\emrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;taejzifh h df kd 55 wm0ef,Eivrrnfr[kwa=umif; ajymqdI Ekwxuci;f cJonf? l dk f d hf f k f G f kd h &Sr;f jynfe,fta&S@yi;f / usKi;f wk+H rdK@e,f&dS trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk kd d kd vnf; ygwrS EkwxuI jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? ppftpd;k & vufuif D fGf kd h kd wkwf a'ocHjynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;.aetdrrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufvnf kd f ywf+yD; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifu'fjym;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@xHay;tyfI jynfcdkif+zdK; toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef +cdr;f ajcmufajymqdconf? emcH&efjiif;qeforsm;udk enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh k hJ l +cdr;f ajcmufconf? tzG@J 0iftcsK@d rm jynfci+f zdK;tvdus vkyaqmif&ef qufvufjiif;qdc+hJ yD;/ hJ S kd k f k tcsK@d rm jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u tkypz@JG +y;D wkucuvmrnfup;kd &draoma=umifh qENr&SyEihf S kd fk d f kd f kd f dJS 56 vufcc=hJ uonf? H NLD ygw0iftjzpf qufvuf&yfwnf+y; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qef D D dk cJjh cif;. tusKd ;quftaejzifh tzG@J csKyygw0ifrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf;rsm;udk &ifqi}f uKH fD dk awG@=u&+y;D ynma&;qdi&mtcGitvrf;rsm;vnf; enf;yg;apcJonf? 2004 ckEpwif weoFm&D kf hf h Sf G wdi;f / +rdw+f rdK@e,frS a'ocHtm%mydirsm;u NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif k kf D ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;tjzpf tvkyvyuijf cif;ud&yfqi;f &ef trde@f ay;wm;jrpfconf? f k f kd k kd hJ +rw+f rKd @e,f trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tvkytr_aqmif wpfO;D jzpfol OD;vSxe;f (ac: ) OD;qef; d kd f G v_itm; u|e;f pk+rdK@e,f aus;&Gmwpf&m&Sd ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif tv,fwef;jyq&mtjzpf df G cef@ tyfjcif;udk jiif;qdcc&onf? a'ocHtm%mydiOuUXESihf jynfci+f zdK;OuUXrsm;u OD;vSxe;f k H hJ kf kd G tm; ac:,lawG@qum a'ocHppfaxmufvr;f a&;rsm;. !$e=f um;csut& trsK;d om;'Drua&pD Hk S f kd tzG@J csKyf0ifrsm;udk pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcirjyKEdi[k ajymqdconf?57 G hf k f k hJ rE av;wdi;f anmif;OD;+rdK@e,f&dS trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@JG 0if usL&Siq&m W k kd f OD;aZmfaZmfuvnf; tm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay;cJonf? OD;aZmfaZmfonf a':atmifqef; kd kf h 24 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk pk=unfEihf OD;wifO;D tygt0if Ekiia&;tusO;f om;v$wajrmufa&; v_y&m;r_wif wufwuf S dfH f fS G ºuGºuG yg0ifaqmif&ucowpfa,muf jzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u ‚if;tm; tzG@J csKyfrS G f hJ l dk Ekwxuv#if vufuize;f ESihf tjcm;tcGitvrf;rsm;ay;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay; qGaqmifconf? fGf kd f k hf J hJ od@k aomfvnf; OD;aZmfaZmf u tzG@J csKyrS Ekwxu&ef jiif;qdaomtcg ‚if;w&m;0ifzivpxm; f fGf k G hf S f aom usL&Siausmif;ukd jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;u ydwyifc+hJ y;D / wynfrsm;udyg tqkygusL&Sif f kd kf f h k d 58 ausmif;rS Ekwxu&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? fGf h jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J o@kd 0ifa&mufvm kd D kd atmif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh vkyaqmifconf? awG@qar;jref;cJaom NLD ygw0iftcsK@d . tqdk f hJ Hk h D t& tcsK@d aomygw0ifrsm;udk a'ocHjynfci+f zdK;&k;H cGrsm;od@k ac:aqmifI ygwrEwxuci;f cJh D kd J D S k f G f kd onf? tcsK@d ygw0ifrsm;udk ygwrEwxuygu w,fvze;f wpfv;Hk tygt0if &mxl;}uD;}uD;ESihf D DSk f G f Dk aiGusywpfoe;f ay;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay; qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifjzpf&ef jiif; f d J h kd qefaeonfh ygw0ifrsm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k .pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif taESmuft,Suay;jcif;/ D f f uef@owfcsKyfcs,jf cif;rsm;udk cH=u&onf? xd@k a=umifh tqdyg ygw0ifrsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . rdom;pk k D pm;0wfaea&;uda&S;&_+y;D jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k qENr&SyJ 0ifc&onf? om"utm;jzifh pwd;k qdif k dk d hJ k (2)ck ydiqiaom trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifwpfO;D onf ‚if;.rdom;pkrsm;tygt0if k f kd f kd tm%mydirsm;. enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aESmuf,u+f cdr;f ajcmufjcif;udk cH&onf? a'ocHjynfci+f zdK; kf S kd twGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf tjcm;+rdK@e,frS jynfci+f zdK;t&m&Sd (2) OD;onf tqdyg ygw0ifaetdro@kd oGm; kd k D f a&mufI tu,fIygwrS Ekwxu+f yD; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef qufvufjiif;qdk D fG kd aev#if pwd;k qditwGuf wESpwpf}urf xkway;aeonfh cGijhf yKcsuygrpfukd xkway;awmhrnf kf f d f f f r[kw[k +cr;f ajcmufajymqdconf? xd@k a=umifh ‚if;wd@k .rdom;pk a&&Snpm;0wfaea&;udk xnfh fd k hJ f oGi;f pOf;pm;+yD; ygwrEwxuI jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufc&onf?59 DSk f G f kd hJ ------------------------- 25 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tcef ; (3) jynf w G i f ; vl r _ t zG J @ tpnf ; rsm;tm; toG i f t rsKd ; rsKd ; jzih f xd e f ; csKyf v mjcif ; ? jrefrmEdiionf vlxtajcjyK vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm; wjznf;jznf;uif;rJaeaom EkiiH kfH k h df wpfcjk zpfonf? vlra&;qdi&mvl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ vlrtoif;tzG@J rsm;udk zefw;D wnfaxmifxe;f _ kf _ d odr;f &efEihf vlxt=um; yGivif;¶d;k om;r_Eihf vGyvyfaomtawG;tac:rsm; xGeum;vmapa&; S k hf S f f twGuf }uKd ;yrf;csursm;onf ppftm%m&SitycsKyfa&;pepfq;kd wpfca=umifh t&mrxifcay? f f kf k hJ ppftm%mydirsm;onf xdvra&;qdi&m vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k . =oZmatmufo@kd kf k l_ kf enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh oGwoi;f vd=k uonf? vlrqi&mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf Ekii.ta&;ygaom fG _ kd f fd f H Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;qdi&may:vpDrsm;ESihf rnfo@kd r# qufE,ywfoufrr&S=d uay? ‚if;wd@k kfH kf Gf _ onf vlxtusK;d jyKvyief;rsm;/ vlxoufomacsmifcsa&;ESihf tqifajyacsmarG@apa&;twGuf k kf k d yHy;kd ay;onfvyief;rsm;om jzpf=uonf? xdvra&;qdi&mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf 'Drua&pD h h kf k l_ kf kd tajccHtwjf rpfrsm;jzpfouJo@kd 'Drua&pDw;kd wufz@G +H zKd ;a&;twGuf ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾rS k h kd wpdwwa'otm;jzifh yg0ifywfoufae=uonf? f vlrqi&mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k pwyg0ifpm;aom ta=umif;t&mwpf&yfukd _ kd f df om tm&kxm; tav;ay;aqmif&ujf cif;a=umifvnf;aumif;/ ao;i,faom tzG@J tpnf; H G h rsm;jzpfjcif;a=umifvnf;aumif; rdrw@kd . &nfre;f csursm;udk xda&mufayguajrmufap&ef pGr;f h d S f f aqmifEi=f uayonf? TtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf 'Drua&pDv@l abmif wnfaxmif&mwGif r&Srjzpf kd kd d vdtyfaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif vlxutajcjyKaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh k k kd tm;avsmpm ‚if;wd@k .vkyief;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&mwGif vlx.yl;aygi;f yg0ifr_ fG f k udk &&S=d uonf? Tonfum; vlxtm; trsm;ESiy;l aygi;f aqmif&uwwfonfh tavhtusiukd k hf Gf hf &&Saponf? xdtavhtusionf tem*wfjrefrmEdiiwif 'Drua&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;t d k hf k f H G kd wGuf taxmuftuljyKaponf@t&mrsm; jzpfayonf? od@k aomf tm%mudk &moufyefcsKyfui&ef &nf&,csuxm;&Sonfh ppftm%m&Sif kd f Gf f d AdvcsKyf}uD;rsm;onf xd@k uo@kd tajccdif wd;k wufatmifjrifvmaeaom vlra&;qdi&mtzG@J kf hJ k _ kf tpnf;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k . =oZmatmufwixm;&S&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJ=h uonf? T}uKd ;yrf;csursm;onf Gf d f ppftm%m&Sirsm;u aºu;G a=umfaeaom “acwfrz@HG +zKd ;wd;k wufaom 'Drua&pDEiiawmfopf f SD kd kd f H }u;D xlaxmifa&;”[lonfh aqmify'Eihf zDvmqef@usiaecJonf? tpd;k &r[kwaom vlrtzG@J kfS fh f _ tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh omoema&;tzG@J rsm;/ vlr0efaqmiftzG@J rsm;/ use;f rma&;jyKpapmifa&Smuf _ k h aomtzGJ@rsm;/ ynma&;tzGJ@rsm; ponfh atmufajctqifh vlr_a&;qdkif&mtzGJ@rsm;onf 'Drua&pDv@l abmiftwGuf a'guwirsm;jzpf=uonf? xdtzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ppftm%m&Sirsm; kd f kd f k f 26 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk u ‚if;wd@k . =oZmcHtjzpf }udK;yrf;aejcif;/ zsuor;f z,f&m;jcif; od@k r[kwf xde;f csKyfaejcif; fd S rsm;onf tem*wf'rua&pDxaxmifa&;twGuf tajccHtwjf rpfrsm;udk +zdKvSaejcif;jzpf+yD;/ D kd l k J ‚if;wd@k .tm%m qufvufwnf+rJa&;twGuf OD;wnf}udK;yrf;aejcif;om jzpfayonf?60 ppftm%m&Sirsm;onf ‚if;wd@k .vufuiwwjf zpfonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;tm;tok;H f kd f k kd jyKI rdru,ukd jynfo@l tusKd ;awmfaqmif apwem&SitzG@J tpnf;wpfctoGijf zifh ‚if;wd@k xe;f d kd f f k d csKyfxm;aom rD',mrsm;wGif r=umc% azmfjycJonf? pmoifausmif;rsm;ESihf aq;¶Hrsm;tm; D h k taxmuftyHypPn;f rsm; vSL'ge;f jcif;/ tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif qyfjym/ aq;0g;ypPn;f rsm;ESihf h vlo;Hk ukeypPn;f rsm; vSL'ge;f jcif;/ a'ozG@H +zKd ;a&;pDrue;f rsm;wGif apwemh0efxrf;rsm;tjzpf tul f Hd tnDay;jcif;/ toif;0ifrsm;tm; ynma&;ESihf enf;ynmqki&m oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;tygt0if df v,f,mpduysK;d a&; po!fvy&m;r_trsKd ;rsKd ;wGif yg0ifvyaqmifconf? vlxu ,k=H unftm; kf h _fS kf hJ k xm;&aom apwem&Sivra&;tzJ@G tpnf;wpfctjzpf jynfovx.axmufcrukd &,l&ef f l_ k llk H_ }udK;yrf;cJonf? wcsewnf;rSmyif vGyvyf+yD; tpd;k &r[kwaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm; (NGOs). h df f f tcef;u¾rsm;wGiyg 0ifa&mufpuzufvm+yD; ‚if;wd@k tm; wjznf;jznf;csi;f xde;f csKyfEi&ef f Gf kd f }uKd ;yrf;vmcJonf? Ediiwum ulnaxmufya&;at*siprsm;onf jynfovxtwGi;f ‚if;wd@k h kfH D Hh fD llk tultnDrsm; jzef@a0&mwGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. uef@owfxe;f csKyrrsm;udk r=umc% &ifqif kd d f_ kd cJ&onf? tusK;d quftaejzihf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf ppftpd;k &tm; tE &,fjyKEionf h kf W kd f [k ,lqxm;olrsm;twGuf tultnDtaxmuftyHrsm;&&S&ef tcGitvrf; enf;yg;apcJonf? h d hf h tcsu(7)csuyg Ediia&;vrf;jyajrykEihf trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd axmufctm;ay;o!fh f f kfH HS H vlpva0;yGrsm;tygt0if etzppftpd;k &tm; axmufctm;ay;onfh twkta,mif vlpvl kl J H k a0;yGrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u wm0ef,usi;f ycJonf? xd@k tjyif 1990 a&G;aumufytEdi& J dk l h JG k f ygvreftrwfrsm;tm; a0zef¶wcsjcif;/ jrefrmjynfEiia&;tajctaeESiywfoufI a0zef D _f kd f H hf ok;H oyfxm;aom EdiiwumtzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS xkwjf yefo!fh tpD&ifcpmrsm;/ xkwjf yefa=unm kfH H csursm;ESihf EdiiwumrD',mrsm;udk wefjyefqef@usif &_wcsjcif;rsm;tygt0if/ trsK;d om; f kfH D f 'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyfEihf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vk;H udk qef@usix;kd ESuonfh twkt kd S kf f f a,mif vlpva0;yGrsm;udvnf; pepfwus pDpOfusi;f ycJonf? tqdyg vlpva0;yGrsm;wGif kl J k h k kl J wufa&mufvmolrsm;rSm jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;ESihf aus;&Gmrsm;/ +rdK@e,frsm;rS cGwrf;us kd J pepfjzifh tdraxmifpwpfpv#if tenf;qH;k rdom;pk0ifwpfO;D usEe;f rwufrae& wufa&muf f k k _ &ef zdtm;ay;cH&olrsm; jzpf=uonf? jynfovxtaejzihf xdvpva0;yGrsm;od@k wufa&muf llk k lk l J ae&jcif;onf ‚if;wd@k tay: usa&mufvmEdionfh ab;tE &m,fq;kd usK;d rsm;udk a=umuf&@HG ae& kf W aoma=umifh jzpfayonf? 27 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; jynf o l @ tusd K ;awmf a qmif ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ; ac: jynfaxmifp}k u@H cia&;ESiz@HG +zKd ;a&;toif;onf kd f k dk kd f hf jynfovxukd tusK;d jyKaeaom vlra&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&; ponfh vkyief;rsm;wGif 0if llk _ f a&mufcs,v,c=hJ uonf? xde,fy,frsm;wGif v_y&m;vkyuiaeaom jynfwi;f / jynfy tpd;k & fSf k fS f kd f G r[kwaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udvnf; vuf0g;}uD;tkycs,v,&ef enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf }udK;pm; f k f fSf vmcJonf? wcsewnf;wGif ‚if;wd@k u,wif jynfovx.u,fwif&i}f u;D rsm;ozG,f ykazmfvm h df kd f kd llk S H cJonf? txl;ojzihf 2005 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv (5)&ufae@ &efuef jynfci+f zdK; A[dXmecsKyf&;kH wGif h S k kd k usi;f yjyKvkyaom owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGwckwif jynfci+f zdK;taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; AdvcsKyf f J G kd kf aX;OD;u tu,fI jynfovxu awmif;qdvmcJv#if jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd Ekiia&;ygwwpfck llk kh kd dfH D tjzpf ajymif;vJaumif; ajymif;vJrnf[k t&dytjrGuf ajym=um;cJ+h yD;aemufyi;f wGif jrefrm f kd Ediiv@l tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaomtzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f toGio¾mef trsKd ; kfH f f rsKd ;jzifh xd;k azgu0ifa&muf csKyfuivmcJonf? f kd f h jrefrmjynfovx. tusKd ;pD;yGm;tm; apwemxufoefpmjzifh ulnaqmif&uae llk G D Gf onfh toGiazmfaqmif&ef tESpom&uif;rJonfh twkta,mif z@+HG zdK;wd;k wufa&;pDrue;f f f h Hd rsm;udom jynfci+f zdK;toif;u taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&uconf? jynfci+f zdK;toif; k kd G f hJ kd uJo@kd tvm;wl zG@J pnf;xm;aom jrefrmEdiiH rdcifEiuav;apmifa&Smufa&;tzG@J / jrefrmEdiiH h kf S hf h kf trsKd ;orD;a&;&mtzG@J / jrefrmEdiiH =uufajceDtzG@J rsm;ESivnf; twlwuGy;l aygi;f I toif;tm; kf hf ESpvz,&maumif;atmif jynfo@l tusKd ;jyKtzG@J tpnf;wpfctjzpf vlxrS ,k=H unfvufcH f kd G f k k vmatmif }uKd ;yrf;tm;xkwconf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. twkta,mif zG@H +zKd ; f hJ dk wd;k wufa&; pDrue;f rsm;twGuf &HyaiGEihf vkytm;&&S&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf jynfovxk Hd kH S f d ll xHryif jzpfaeonf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;taejzifh jynfovx. aiGa=u;rsm;ESivytm;rsm;udk S kd llk hf k f toH;k jyKI twkta,mif zG@H +zdK;a&;pDrue;f rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u+f yD; emrnf Hd G aumif;&atmif }uKd ;pm;jcif;onf “ig;=uif;qDjzihf ig;=uif;a=umf”aejcif;omjzpfI jrefrmEdii. kfH a&&Snz@HG +zdK;a&;ESihf wnf+idra&;twGuf rsm;pGm pd;k &drp&mjzpfayonf? f f f jynfci+f zdK;toif;twGuf &HyaiGrsm;&&S&m ae&mtcsK@d ukd avhvm=unfrnfqv#if kd Hk d h kd vlxxrS enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aumufcpaqmif;cJonfukd awG@&onf? xd@k jyif omreftoif;0if kH Hk h rsm;taejzifvnf; toif;twGuf aiGa=u;rsm;udk tvSLaiGtaejzifxnf0if&ef apcdi;f jcif; h hh k cHc&ouJo@kd vlxxrtvSLaiGrsm;udvnf; ud,wif vduvaumufcay;&onfrsm;vnf; hJ h k HS k k f kd k f H H &Sconf? cGwrf;pepft& wpfEpv#if ok;H }ur/f av;}urcef@ aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd jynforsm;xHrS tvSL d hJ J Sf d df l aiGrsm; aumufc&onf? tcsK@d a'ocH jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifyi;f rsm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k u,wif H kd kd kd f kd tvSLaiGrsm; ray;aqmif&aomfvnf; a'ocHpnf;&k;H a&;rSL;rsm;udk w&m;0if&;Hk pmrsm; xkway; f +y;D &yfuu/f aus;&Gmrsm;twGi;f tvSLaiGrsm; vduvpaqmif;&ef wm0efay;avh&onf? tvSL G k f Hk Sd 28 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk aiG aumufc&mwGivnf; jynfci+f zKd ;&k;H rsm; jyKjyif&efEihf tok;H taqmify&dabm*rsm; 0,f,&ef H f kd S l twGuf[k vnf;aumif;/ toif;0ifav#mufv$mykHpHtwGuf[k vnf;aumif;/ jynfcdkif+zdK; wki;f tqifacgi;f aqmifrsm; vma&mufvnfywf&ef {nfcpm;&dwtwGu[k vnf;aumif; d h hH f f ta=umif;trsKd ;rsK;d jyI omrefjynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tygt0if jynfovxxrS aumufcH kd llkH pkaqmif;=uonf? tcsK@d aom tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;xHrS tvSLaiGrsm;udk wdu&uaumufcjH cif; k f dk f r&Saomfvnf; jynfci+f zdK;rS OD;pD;usi;f yaom vlra&;v_y&m;r_rsm;ESihf jynfci+f zdK;toif;om; d kd _ fS kd 0wfpz;kd rsm;twGu[k ta=umif;jyI vukev#if ‚if;wd@k .vpmaiGrsm;xJrS jzwfawmuf,jl cif; Hk f f udk cH=u&onf? jynfci+f zKd ; toif;rSaumufcaom aiGa=u;yrm%udk rvSL'ge;f Ediorsm;onf kd H kf l vkytm;ay; vdu=f u&onf? vkytm;ay; ud,wirvduEiorsm;onf ‚if;wd@k .ae&mwGif f k f k f kd f k f kd f l tjcm;wpHwa,mufukd iSm;&rf;I tpm;xd;k ay;&onf?61 k ppftpd;k &rS wki;f jynfukd pwiftycsKyfcaom 1962 ckEprpI tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;wGif d k f hJ SfS rGebmom&yfrsm;udk oif=um;cGihf rjyKcJay? od@k aomfvnf; aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd rGevxu f h flk aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd bkeawmf}u;D ausmif;rsm;wGif rGepmayudk }uKd ;pm;oif,conf? xd@k aemuf aus; f f l hJ &Gmrsm;wGif rGepmayESihf Ak'bmom,Ofaus;r_toif;rsm; wnfaxmifI rGepmoifausmif;rsm; f < f zGivp+f y;D rGepmwwfajrmufa&; oifwef;rsm;ay;&ef }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&uconf? od@k aomfvnf; hf S f G f hJ 2004 ckepf/ ZlvivtwGi;f u etz AdvcsKyfarmifbu a&;+rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd rGebmompum; kd f kf kd f oif=um;aom pmoifausmif;rsm;udk ydwypf&efEihf tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;wnfaxmif&ef a'ocH f S tm%mydirsm;udk !$e=f um;cJonf? 2005 ckEp/f azazmf0g&v usKura&m+rd@k wif jyKvkyaom kf h S D df G f tpnf;ta0;wpfckwGifvnf; jynfcdkif+zdK; xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;u rGefbmompum; oif=um;jcif;onf Ekiiawmfz@HG +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;ESihf pnf;vk;H nD!wa&;twGuf twm;tqD;wpf dfH $f ckjzpfonf[k ajymqdom;cJonf? jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udvnf; rGeausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm; kG h dk k f tm; taESmuft,Suay;&efEihf qufvufzixm;aom pmoifausmif;rsm;tm;ydwyif&ef f S G hf f 62 apcdi;f cJonf? Tod@k jzifh jrefrmtm%mydirsm;onf ae&mwdi;f / vltzG@J tpnf;wki;f wGif tpk kh kf k d tzG@J wpfck ay:ayguvmrnfukd tvGetrif; pd;k &drc=hJ uonf? f f f NLD ygwrS vkyaqmifaeaom vlra&;vkyief;rsm;wGivnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;. D f _ f f kd wm;qD;[ef@wm;aer_rsm; &Sconf? jrefrmjynftES@H wif zG@J pnf;xm;aom Ediia&;tusO;f om; d hJ G kfH rsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .rdom;pkrsm;tm; tultnDay;aeonfh vlruna&;tzG@J rsm;uJo@kd tvm;wl _lD h tzG@J wpfcukd NLD ygwu wrl;a'owGiz@JG pnf;&ef 2004 ckepf/ {+yvtwGi;f u }uKd ;yrf;cJonf? k D f D h od@k aomfvnf; wrl;c¶dijf ynfci+f zKd ;toif;OuUXu tqdygvruna&;tzG@J zG@J pnf;olrsm;tm; k kd k l_ l D ‚if;wd@k .pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif wefjyef*,uf¶urrsm;ESihf awG@}uKH &vdrrnf[k +cr;f ajcmuf f kd f _ hf d 63 ajymqdI taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? 2004 ckepfwivnf; jrefrmjynfatmufyi;f &Sd a&ab; k fh Gf kd 'kuonfrsm;tm; NLD ygwrS qefvLS 'ge;f &ef }uKd ;yrf;cJonf? xdtcseY jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u Q D h k df kd 29 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; NLD ygwtm; rdrw@kd u,pm; aumif;r_uovjf yKvky&eftwGuf D d kd f k kd f 64 tvSLypPn;f rsm; ay;tyfchJ kf D _ f f onf[k rrSeruef ajymqdconf? xd@k jyif twdutcHygwrsm;. vlra&;vkyaqmifcsursm; f k hJ udvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;rS tjcm;enf;vrf;trsKd ;rsK;d jzifh [ef@wm;aESmuf,uconf? Oyrm k kd S f hJ tm;jzihf twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;u vlxtusK;d jyK vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif&ef aus;&Gmvlxk kf k f f rsm;udk pnf;&k;H onftcgwi;f jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u jynfovxtm; rvkyaqmif&ef h kd kd llk f 65 avmfpyDumrsm;ESihf atmf[pfI [ef@wm;aESmuf,uconf? S f hJ jynfcdkif+zdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf jrefrmjynfwGif;Y wnf&Sdaeaom vlr_a&;tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;udk wcsewif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;}u;D . +yKd ibufjzpfvmEkionf[k ,lqxm;+y;D [ef@ df G dk f fd f wm;aESmuf,urrsm; jyKvyvmcJonf? jrefrmjynfovx. txl; tm;ud;k ,k=H unfrukd &&Sae S f_ kf h llk _ d onfh &ky&io&kyaqmif udausmol OD;pD;aom ema&;ulnrtoif;(&efue)tygt0if vlra&;/ fSf f k f D_ kf _ bmoma&;/ ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&; toif;tzG@J (24)ckukd tm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay;cJonf? kf h TtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; vkyief;vkyyicioufwrf; xyfw;kd ay;awmhrnf r[kwa=umif; 2007 f f kd f G hf f ckEptwGi;f Y w&m;0ifta=umif;=um;cJonf? xd@k jyif 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwvwGivnf; ema&; Sf h S f f ulnrtoif;(&efue). a=umfjimcGi/hf tvSLaiGvufccirsm;udk tm%mydirsm;u wm;jrpf D_ kf H G hf kf ydwyifrrsm; jyKvyc+hJ y;D toif;.tr_aqmiftcsK@d ukd ac:,laqG;aEG;ar;jref;r_rsm; jyKvyconf? f_ kf k f hJ udausmol OD;pDonfh ema&;ulnrtoif; (&efue) udk 2001 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v (1) k f D_ kf S D &ufae@wif rwnfaiG usy(5)ode;f jzifh ud,xu,x pwifz@JG pnf; xlaxmifconf? toif; G f k f l kd f hJ pwifz@JG pnf;+y;D uwnf;u o+*Kd vp&dwf rwwfEionfh axmifaomif;csaom jynfovxukd Ff kd f D llk tultnDay;cJonf? toif;. (5)ESpwm oufwrf;umvtwGi;f vl (4)aomif;eD;yg;. ema&; h f udprsm;udk ulnaxmufyay;Ediconf? wpfjynfv;Hk &Sd +rKd @e,ftawmfrsm;rsm;wGivnf; tvm; P D Hh k f hJ f wl ema&;toif;rsm;udk vduvz@JG pnfay;cJonfh apwem&Sivra&;toif; wpfcjk zpfonf?66 kfH h f l_ jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;onf apwem&SivrtzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk jyifyrS [ef@wm; kd kf f l_ aESmuf,urrsm; jyKvkyconftjyif tvm;wlpif+ydKiftzG@J tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifI taESmuf S f_ f hJ h t,Suay;jcif;/ apwem&SivrtzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f od@k jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0iftrmcHrsm; t f f l_ kd wif;t"rRxnfoi;f I taESmuft,Suay;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvkyconf? om"utaejzifh hG f f hJ &ky&io&kyaqmif ausmol OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;ay;cJaom oma&;ema&;toif;rsm;xJrS wpfctyg fSf f f h k t0ifjzpfonfh rauG;wki;f / atmifv+H rdK@e,f arwWmrGef oma&;/ema&;toif;tzG@J twGi;f od@k d jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if (2)OD;udk A[daumfrwDtjzpf twif;t"rRxnfoi;f cJonf? vlra&;toif; kd k hGh _ rsm;wGif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm; wdu&uyg0ifywfoufvmjcif;onf toif;rsm;taejzifh dk k f kd f tvSL&Sirsm;xHrS tvSLaiGrsm; qufvuf&&Sa&;twGuf twm;tqD;wpfck jzpfapcJonf?67 f d h 2006 ckEp/f ZlvivwGif pwifz@JG pnf;cJ+h y;D rauG;wdi;f / acsmuf+rKd @e,f&dS ema&;vkyief; S kd f k f rsm;udk tcrJaqmif&uay;aeaom raemjzL ema&;ulnrtoif;rS jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifwcsK@d h Gf D_ dk 30 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk cGxuI tvm;wltzG@J wckukd pif+yKd if zG@J pnf;xlaxmifconf? wcsewnf;Yyif tqdyg jynfcif JGf hJ df k kd +zKd ;rS zG@J pnf;xm;aom ema&;toif;onf aopm&if;xkw,onftcgwi;f pnfyifom,ma&; fl h kd ESihf tay;t,lvy+f y;D raemjzLema&;toif;. vkyief;rsm;udk aESmifaES;atmif vkyaqmifc=hJ u k f h f onf? acsmuf+rdK@wif e,fajr(16)ck&+dS yD; tcsK@d e,fajrrsm;onf &yfuuf (2)ck/ (3)ck pkaygi;f xm; G G onf? ,cifu acsmuf+rKd @&dS ema&;vkyief;rsm;. av;yko;Hk ykukd raemjzLema&;ulnrtoif;u f HH D_ tcrJh ulnaqmif&uay;cJonf? ,ckaemufyi;f umvrsm;wGif jynfci;f +zdK;ema&;toif;u D Gf h kd kd 68 vuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfuivmcJonf? kd f h tm%mydirsm;onf qif;&Jom;jynforsm;udk tultnDay;aeaom ema&;ulnr_ kf l D tzG@J rsm;udk enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; ay;aeaomfvnf; &efue&dS wyfr S f_ kf awmfEihf &Jwyfz@JG t&m&Srsm;. rdom;pkrsm;. oma&;/ ema&;udprsm;udrl Ekiiawmfpm;&dwEihf S d P k dfH fS pDpOfaqmif&uay;&ef !$e=f um;cJonf? Gf h jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;onf jynfwi;f &Sd tcrJaq;ukay;aeaom aq;cef;rsm; kd kf G h enf;wl pif+yKd iaq;ukcef;rsm; zGivpIvnf; taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ema&; f hf S f fh ulnrtoif; (&efue)onf aq;0g;rukoEkionfh qif;&Jom;vlxtwGuf 2007 ckEp/f rwfv D_ kf df k S rSpI &efuewi;f / oCFe;f u|e;f +rdK@e,f ynmy&d,wWpmoifwuf bke;f awmf}uD;ausmif;wGif k f kd d kd okcukovjf zpfaq;cef;udk pwifzivpf ukoay;cJonf? okcaq;cef;onf ae@pOfvem 40 kd G hf S h l OD;txdvufc+H yD; q&m0ef 7 OD;jzifh tcrJuoay;aeonftjyif a&m*gEihf vlemtajctae hk h S tvduf aq;&kwifuoa&;twGuf aqmif&uay;onfh tcrJaq;cef;wckvnf; jzpfonf?69 k H k Gf h xdaq;cef;zGivp+f y;D 2 vcef@t=umwGif &efuewi;f / jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J uvnf; oCFe;f u|e;f +rKd @e,f k hf S k f kd kd i§u &yfuuf pHcseopfvrf;&Sd &yfuujf ynfci+f zKd ;&k;H wGif +zKd ;apwemaq;ukcef; [kqum pif+yKd if G df G kd kd aq;ukcef;rsm;udk zGivpconf? jynfci+f zdK;ydif +zdK;apwemaq;ukcef;zGiywif &efuewi;f hf S f hJ kd k hf JG G k f kd jynfci;f +zKd ;wm0efcH AdvrLS ;}u;D armifyg ud,wiwufa&mufc+hJ y;D rnfourqdk tcrJuoay; kd kf k f kd f l kd hk rnf[k ajymqdconf? k hJ jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf jrefrmEdiitwGi;f &Sd tjcm;aomvlra&;toif;rsm;. kd kf kfH _ vkyief;rsm;wGif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; ay;aeaomfvnf; ‚if;wd@k . [efjy f S f_ vkyaqmifrEiywfoufI *k%,0ºhH uGm;pGm xkwazmfajymqdavh&onf? 2005 ckEp/f jynf f _ S hf fl f k dS S axmifp}k u@H cia&;ESiz@HG +zKd ;a&;toif; ESpywfvnf oif;vku|wf tpnf;ta0;wpfcwif &Sr;f jynf kd f hf f H kG e,f (ta&S@yi;f ) rdi;f ysO;f +rdK@e,f jynfci+f zdK;tvkytr_aqmifwpfO;D u jynfovxuse;f rma&; kd k kd f llk twGuf tjcm;vlra&;toif;tzG@J rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f uGi;f qif;ukocJ&m (2586)OD;tm; jyKpkuo _ h k ay;Edica=umif;/ aus;vufvxk use;f rma&;apmifa&Smufr_ ydrjkd riwifEia&;twGuf aus;vuf k f hJ l h k S hf dk f aq;ay;cef; (6)ckukd aiGusyf ode;f (90)ESihf jynfovxxnf0ifaiG (62)ode;f / pkpaygi;f (152) llk h k ode;f jzifh ulnyy;kd wnfaqmufEica=umif; ajym=um;cJonf? xd@k jyif jynfci+f zdK;tvkytr_ D hH kd f hJ h kd f 31 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; aqmif q&m0ef (12)OD; OD;aqmifaom tcrJe,fvnhf ukoa&;tzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;+y;D ae&maygi;f h S (155)ae&mwGif vlem (25498)OD;tm; aq;0g;ukoay;Edic+hJ yD; aq;0g;wefz;kd aiGusyoe;f kf fd 70 (30)ausmf tcrJunay;Edica=umif;udvnf; *k%,0=hH uGm;pGm ajymqdconf? h l D k f hJ k fl k hJ jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;u pif+ydKifaq;cef;rsm;zGivp+f yD; jynfovxukd tcrJh dk kf hf S llk ukoay;aeonf[k ajymqdaejcif;onf vdrvnfvnjhf zm;r_ wpfcomjzpfonf? tb,fa=umihf k f S k qdaomf &efuewi;f / oHvsi+f rKd @e,f&dS jynfci+f zKd ;ydiaq;cef;wpfcu vma&mufuoaom vlem k k f kd kd k f k k 71 rsm;xHrS wpfO;D v#if usyaiG(300) aumufc,conf? tjcm;aom +rKd @e,frsm;wGivnf; vm f H l hJ f a&mufuoaom vlemrsm;xHrS tvSLaiG[ta=umif;jyI aiGa=u;rsm; aumufcconf? k k H hJ xd@k jyif2005 ckEp/f pufwifbmv (8)&ufae@ etz0ef}u;D wpfO;D vnf;jzpf jynfci+f zKd ; S kd acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D vnf;jzpfol OD;atmifaomif;u a'oqdi&m jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm; kf kd xHo@kd xkwjf yefaom !$e=f um;csuwif tdycstiA§attki'tufpf umuG,a&;vkyief;pDrH fG f f kd f DG dfD f f ude;f rsm;udk tvsi;f oifovdk pwifxe;f csKyfom;&ef !$e=f um;cJonf? xljcm;onfrm rif;udEif h d G h S k dk acgi;f aqmifaom 88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;u jynfwi;f &Sd tdycstiA§attdi'tufpf G f f kd f GD kfD a0'em&Sirsm;/ wDbEihf iSuzsm;a&m*g a0'em&Sirsm;twGuf vlom;csi;f qdi&m tultnD f DS f f kf rsm; ay;=u&ef/ tpd;k &r[kwaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf ppftpd;k & f kf wd@k tm; ylaygi;f aqmif&uom;&ef awmif;qdc+hJ yD;aemuf odyr=umcif tqdyg!e=f um;csuukd GfG k f k$ f 72 xkwjf yefvujf cif;jzpfonf? kd jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf tusO;f axmifuprsm;udvnf; 0ifa&mufcs,v,chJ kd kf dP k fSf onf? ICRC tzG@J rsm;udk tusO;f axmif/ tusO;f pcef;rsm;od@k oGm;a&mufcihf vk;H 0ray;awmhyJ G jynfci+f zdK;/ jrefrmhtrsK;d orD;a&;&m/ rdcifEiuav;apmifa&Smufa&; ponfh trsK;d om;a&;ESihf kd S hf h vlra&;toif;tzG@J trnfcH rqDrqditzG@J tpnf;rsm;udom tusO;f axmifrsm;eSihf tusO;f _ kf k pcef;rsm;od@k oGm;a&mufpnf;&k;H jcif;rsm; vkyaqmifapcJonf? xd@k jyif jynfo@l qufqa&;trnf f h H jzifh tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufI Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;udk "gwy&uu;l um oufqif kfH f Hk dk f kd &mrdom;pkrsm;udk vduvpnf;&k;H cJ+h y;D rjzpfpavmuf aiGa=u;rsm;udvnf; axmufyay;cJonf? kfH k hH h jrefrmjynf&bufpcef;rsm;ESihf tusO;f pcef;rsm;. 50 &mcdi;f E_e;f udk axmufyay;aeaom J k hH Ediiwum=uufajceDtzG@J ukd tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufvnfywfciray;bJ jynfci+f zKd ; kfH G hf kd toif;u 0ifa&mufcs,v,aejcif;onf ‚if;wd@k u,wif jynfovx.u,fwif&if jzpfvkd fSf kd f kd llk S jcif;ESihf axmifwi;f tajctaersm;ESiywfoufI Ediiwumudk vdrvnfvnjhf zm;vdjk cif; G hf kfH f S twGuom jzpfonf?73 f 2006 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmv 2 &ufae@wif usi;f yjyKvyconfh etzowif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ Sk G k f hJ (7§2006)wGif &JcsKyf AdvrLS ;csKycif&u jrefrmhvra&;toif;tzG@J rsm;onf 2005 ckEp/f atmuf kf fD l_ S wdbmvrS 2006 ckEp/f atmufwbmvtwGi;f tusO;f axmif (42)ckEihf tvkypcef;(7)ckw@kd ukd k S kd S f 32 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 0ifa&muf =unf&avhvmcJ+h y;D tusO;f om;/ tcsKyfom;rsm;ESihf awG@qum pm;aomufz,&m/ h_ Hk Gf aq;0g;ESihf vlo;Hk ypPn;f usyoe;f (700)ausmz;kd vSL'ge;f axmufyEiconf[k xnfoi;f ajymqdk fd f hH dk f hJ hG oGm;cJonf? Tod@k tm%mydirsm;u tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k om;a&mufI tusO;f om;rsm;udk h kf G ulnaxmufyay;aeonf[k ajymqdaeaomfvnf; vufawG@wir_ tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif D hH k Gf use;f rma&;apmifa&SmufrtwGuf aq;0g;rsm;csK@d wae+y;D Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;. rdom;pk0if h _ hJ kfH Srsm;udkyg e,fajrtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh jynfckdif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u rsufajcrjywfapmifh=unfhI taESmuft,Suay;cJonf?74 fh jref r mEd k i f i H t wG i f ; &S d Ed k i f i H w umat*sif p D r sm; jrefrmEdiitwGi;f Y vlom;csi;f qdi&mtaxmuftyHrsm; ulnay;aeaom EdiiH kfH kf h D kf wumtzGJ@tpnf; rsm;pGm&Sdonf? ,if;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@.vlom;csif;qdkif&m axmufy@H unonf@vyief;rsm;udk vGwvyfpm v_y&m;aqmif&ucihf r&&S=d uay? jrefrm lD kf f G fS G fG ppftpd;k &onf Ediiwumat*siprsm;tay: wif;usyaom vrf;!$ecsursm;udk xkwjf yef kfH fD f ff xm;+y;D xdvrf;!$ecsursm;tm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef &S/d r&Sd avhvmqef;ppf&ef ppftpd;k & k ff vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;toif; tygt0if 0ef}uD;tqifh aumfrwDwpf&yfukd zG@pnf;cJonf? kd f k kd J h xd@k tjyif jrefrmEdiio@kd vma&muf=uaom ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qi&m kfH _ kd f avhvma&;tzG@J rsm;taejzihf jrefrmEkiio@kd a&mufv#ia&mufcsi;f jynfci+f zdK;toif; twGi;f dfH f kd a&;rSL; OD;aX;OD;xHo@kd OD;pGmoGm;a&muf *g&0jyK&rnf[k pnf;urf;xkwjf yefconf? xduo@kd jyKr_ hJ k hJ aqmif&uae&jcif;onf jrefrmjynforsm;tm; vGyvyfpm tultnDtaxmuftyHrsm; ay; Gf l fG h tyf&ef}udK;yrf;aeonfh EkiiwumtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; rsm;pGm pdwtaESmuft,Sujf zpfapcJh dfH f onf? 2005 ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif a'ocH jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;tm; jrefrmjynf S kd w0Sr;f vH;k &Sd ynma&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf vlra&;v_y&m;r_rsm;udk xde;f csKyf&eftwGuf !$e=f um;csuf _ fS wpf&yf xkwjf yefconf? tqdyg!e=f um;csut& jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf &efuewi;f twGi;f &Sd hJ k$ f kd k f kd 75 HIV/ AIDS umuG,a&;pDrue;rsm;udk OD;pGm v$ajymif;&,lconf? Ediiwumat*siprsm;udk f H df J hJ kfH fD jrefrmjynfrS xkwy,fjcif;/ ‚if;wd@k u,wif xGucmjcif;ESihf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. xde;f csKyfrrsm; f kd f kd fG kd _ onf pdwtaESmift,Sujf zpfp&m tusKd ;qufrsm;udom jzpfay:apcJonf? tultnD t f h k h axmuftyHrsm; a0iS&mwGivnf; Ediia&;yg yg0ifI ‚if;wd@k rvdvm;aomolrsm;tm; cGjJ cm;quf h f kfH k qHc=hJ uonf? jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;onf Ediiwumat*siprsm;ay:wGif jzpfEiajcr&Saom dk kf kfH fD kd f d pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;udk jyXmef;owfrwI [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; jyKvkyconf? urBmh Sf S f_ f hJ &HyaiGtzG@J }uD;ESihf Ediiwumat*sipD trsm;tjym;onf vufawG@rusaom jynfci+f zdK; tm kH kfH f kd 33 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; %mydirsm;. vkyief;qdi&m pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;tm; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u&ef jiif;qef+yD; kf f kf Gf 76 kd f G jrefrmjynfrS xGucmoGm;cJonf? txl;ojzifh vufeufuiyÉdyuQrsm; tqufrjywf jzpfym; fG h aeaom a'orsm;wGif vlom;csi;f qdi&m ulnaxmufyrrsm; vkyaqmifaeaom Ekiiwum kf D hH _ f dfH at*siprsm;udvnf; qufvufrvkyaqmifEiatmif wif;usyaom pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm; fD k f kd f f csrwf jyXmef;cJonf? xd@k a=umifh u&ifjynfe,fEihf rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f Y 2001 ckEprS pwifI S h S Sf use;f rma&;qdi&mtultnDrsm; vkyaqmifaeaom jyifopftajcpduf e,fjcm;rJq&m0efrsm; kf f k h tzG@J onf 2006 ckEp/f rwfvwGif tm%mydirsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u&ef jiif;qef+yD; jrefrm S kf Gf 77 jynfrS xGucmoGm;cJonf? fG h tvm;wlpm jrefrmEkiiwi;f &Sd tusO;f om;rsm;ESihf &Jbufpcef;rsm;od@k oGm;a&muf G dfH G um Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;udk awG@qjHk cif;/ aq;0g;ESihf tjcm;vdtyfaomypPn;f rsm;udk axmuf kfH k yHay;aeaom *seAmtajcpduf tdiptmpD (ac: ) urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J }uD;udvnf; tm%m h DD k kfD k ydirsm;u r=umc% [ef@wm;aESmuf,ujf cif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? ,if;tzG@J }uD;onf jrefrm kf S f hJ jynfwi;f &Sd tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif ‚if;wd@k .vkyief;rsm;udk vGwvyfpm vkyuiEi&eftwGuf G f f G f kd f kd f 1999 ckEpwif jrefrmEdiiH jynfxa&;0ef}uD;XmerS cGijhf yKcsuf &&dconf? xdcserpI jynfwi;f Sf G kf J S hJ kdfS G tusO;f axmifrsm;ESihf &Jbufpcef;rsm;od@k vpOfyreom;a&mufum Ekiia&;tusO;f om;rsm; Hk S f G dfH ESihf awG@qaqG;aEG;jcif;/ aq;0g;ESihf tjcm;vdtyfaomypPn;f rsm;udk ulnaxmufyay;cJonf? Hk k D Hh h 1999 ckEprS 2005 ckEptwGi;f tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k (435)}udrf oGm;a&mufc+hJ yD;jzpfonf? Sf Sf use;f rma&;vkyief;rsm;/ oifwef;rsm;ESihf ajcwkvyief;rsm;tjyif Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;. f kf kfH rdom;pkrsm;udvnf; aiGa=u;axmufyrrsm; ulnaqmif&uay;cJonf?78 k Hh _ D Gf h od@k aomfvnf; 2005 ESpueyi;f rSpI jrefrmjynftusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&muf f k f kd vnfywfaer_rsm; &kww&ufqi;f ihom;ojzifh axmifwi;f &Sd Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;. tajc f kd H G G kfH tae qd;k 0g;vmcJonf? 2006 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv 21 &ufae@ ICRC . xkwjf yefausnmcsut& h S f ICRC tzG@J onf jrefrmjynf tusO;axmifrsm;wGif Ekiia&;tusO;om;rsm;. tajctaersm; f dfH f udk avhvm&eftwGuf om,m0wDtusO;f axmifo@kd oGm;a&mufvnfywf&ef pDpOfconf? hJ xdc&D;pOfwif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J u tdiptmpDtzG@J Eitwl vduygcijhf yK&rnf[k twif;tusyf k G kd kfD S hf kfG awmif;qdconftwGuf ICRC taejzifh tqdygc&D;pOfukd zsuor;f cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;tm%m k hJ h k fd h dk ydkifrsm;onf tusOf;axmifrsm;twGif;&Sd qdk;&Gm;aeaomtajctaersm;udk urBmhrdom;pk todi;f t0di;f tm; vdrnmzk;H uG,&eftwGuf urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J . tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k k k f f vGyvyfpm oGm;a&mufvnfywfcirsm;udk wjznf;jznf; +cdr;f ajcmuf xde;f csKyfvmcJonf? f G G hf h xd@k a=umifh Ediiwum=uufajceDtzG@J rsm;taejzifh jrefrmjynftusO;f axmifrsm;od@k kfH jyefvnfom;a&mufEi&ef cGijhf yKcsu&&Sa&;twGuf tvm;tvm tvGeenf;yg;cJonf? tm G kd f fd f h %mydirsm;onf 2005 ckEprpI urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J rsm;udk enf;vrf;aygi;f pHo;kH I tusO;f kf SfS k 34 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk axmifrsm;od@k 0ifa&muf rppfaq;Ekiatmif [ef@wm;xm;cJonf?79 2006 ckEpf Ed0ifbmv df h Sk aESmif;ydi;f wGif rE av;/ armfv+rdKif/ bm;tH/ awmif}uD;ESihf usKi;f wkH ponfh +rdK@}uD; (5)+rdK@wif k W d G zGivpxm;onf Ediiwum=uufajceDaumfrwD&;Hk rsm;udk ydwypf&ef jrefrmtm%mydirsm;u hf S f kfH f kf 80 trde@f xwconf? tqdyg&;Hk rsm;udk 'DZifbmv tv,favmufwif tm%mykirsm;u jyef k f hJ k G df f vnfzivpcihf ay;cJaomfvnf; tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;ukr_ cGirjyK G hf S f G h d hf 81 cJhay? tusK;d quftaejzifh tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k vdtyfaomaq;0g;rsm;udk urBmh =uuf k ajceDtzG@J }u;D rS qufvufaxmufyEijf cif; r&SawmhonftwGuf tusO;f om;rsm;onf iSuzsm; hH dk d h f a&m*g/ ESv;Hk a&m*g/ qD;csKa&m*g tygt0if tjcm;a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d twGuf aq;0g;jywfvyfrrsm; d _ ESihf &ifqic&+yD; use;f rma&;tajctae qd;k 0g;vmcJonf? tusO;f axmifrsm;twGi;f aq;0g; dk f hJ h jywfvyfrrsm;ESihf tm%mydirsm;. tcseruoay;jcif;r&Srrsm;a=umifh Ekiia&;tusO;f om; _ kf dfD k d_ dfH 82 aoqk;H r_rsm;vnf; &Sconf? jrefrmEdiiwif 1988 ppftm%modr;f +y;D uwnf;u 2006 ckEpf d hJ kfH G S 83 txd tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif aoqk;H cJonfh Ekiia&;tusO;f om; 127 OD;ausmf &Sconf? h dfH d hJ twk t a,mif vl x k a xmuf c H y G J r sm;/ vl p k v l a 0;yG J r sm;ES i f h qef @ usif & _ w f c syG J r sm; jrefrmppftpd;k &onf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;/ jynfyowif;rD',mrsm;ESihf EdiiH kf D kf jcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS ta&;,lydwfqdk@r_rsm;udk qef@usif&_wfcs&eftwGuf vlpkvla0;yGJrsm;udk jrefrmEdiiw0Sr;f wGif usi;f ycJonf? ppftpd;k &u wzufowf usi;f yjyKvkyonfh trsK;d om; kfH h f nDvmcHEihf vrf;jyajrykH axmufcyrsm;udvnf; jrefrmEkiiw0Sr;f &Sd jynfe,fEiwi;f toD; S H JG k dfH S hf kd oD;wGif qufwuf usi;f yjyKvkyconf? jynfovxtm; rufv;Hk rsm;/ tca=u;aiGrsm; ay;I kd f hJ llk vnf;aumif;/ enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cr;f ajcmufIvnf;aumif; ppftpd;k &u pdwwi;f us pDraqmif d f kd H &Guxm;onfh vlpva0;yGrsm;udk wufa&mufapcJonf? ,if;vlpva0;yGrsm; usi;f y&mwGif f kl J h kl J ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;rS trmcH kd f k kd kd f toif;0ifrsm;u wm0eftoD;oD;cG,I twkta,mifaxmufcyrsm;udk usi;f ycJjh cif; jzpfonf? Jl H JG ppfwyfxyyi;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;rS OD;aqmifO;D &Gujf yKaeaom jynfci+f zdK;toif; pwifz@JG pnf;+yD; d f kd kd cserpwifI qef@usi&wcsyrsm;/ twkta,mif vlxaxmufcyrsm;udk vlx.qENrygyJ t dfS f _ f JG k H JG k wif;t"rRac:,l pkaqmif;I Ekiiw0Sr;f vk;H wGif tqufrjywf usi;f ycJonf? 1994 ckEp/f dfH h S Zefe0g&DvrS pwifI 2005 ckESpftxd trsKd;om;nDvmcHatmifjrifa&; twkta,mif axmufcyrsm;udk wdi;f ESijhf ynfe,ftES@H (77)ae&mwGif usi;f ycJonf?84 xd@k jyif2005 ckEpf aemuf H JG k h S ydi;f umvrsm;rSpI 2007 ckEpumvrsm;txd jynfci+f zdK;toif;u OD;aqmifI rsm;jym;vS k Sf kd aom twkta,mif vlxaxmufcyrsm;/ qef@usi&wcsyrsm;ESihf vlpva0;yGrsm;udk Ediiwpf k H JG f _ f JG kl J kfH 0Sr;f usi;f yjyKvkyconf? f hJ 35 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;taejzihf ,if;twkta,mifaxmufcyrsm;ESihf vlpva0; kd kf H JG kl yGrsm;od@k jynfovxtm; rnfo@kdrnfyHk zdtm;ay;I wufa&mufapcJonfukd qufvuf avhvm J llk h =urnfjzpfonf? 2003 ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif ppftpd;k &. vrf;jyajryktm; axmufcqENjy&ef S H H +rdwc&kitwGi;f &Sfd jynforsm;udk wpftraxmifv#if 2 a,mufEe;f jr{&mabmvk;H uGi;f wGif f df l df _ vma&mufp&;Hk &ef urf&;dk wef;wdi;f ppfXmecsKyfwi;f rSL;u trde@f ay;cJonf? wufa&muf&ef ysuf k k dk h uGuygu '%fa=u;aiG (500)usyf ay;aqmif&onf? ,if;vlpva0;yGrsm;od@k ppfwyfrom;pkt f kl J d odi;f t0di;f rsm;ygrusef wufa&muf&ef apcdi;f jcif;cH&onf? 2003 ckEp/f pufwifbmvtwGi;f Y k k k S etzppf&;kH csKyf tajrmufwyfz@JG !$e=f um;a&;rSL; AdvrLS ;csKyfjr0if;onf weoFm&Dwi;f / xm;0,f kf kd +rdK@Eihf +rdw+f rdK@rsm;od@k oGm;a&mufI tajrmufwyf&if; trSwf (201)/ (301)/ (302)/ (304)/ S (306)/ (307)/ (309)/ (501)ESihf (401)wd@k rS rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; AdvcsKyf kf 85 cif!e@f . tcsu(7)csuyg vrf;jyajrykukd axmufcqENjy&ef pnf;&k;H v_@H aqmfconf? $ f f H H hJ 2007 ckEp/f pufwifbmv ucsijf ynfe,f/ jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@ axmufcyrsm;twGuf S H JG jynfovxukd wpftrwpfa,mufEe;f wufa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? wufa&muf&ef llk df _ h ysuuuf ygu jyif;xef;pGmta&;,lrnf[k ajrmufyi;f wdi;f ppfXmecsKywi;f rSL; AdvcsKyte;f jrifu fG kd k f kd kf fk h 86 trde@f xkwconf? Aef;armf+rdK@&dS Xmeqdi&maygi;f pkrS 0efxrf;rsm;/ jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf f hJ kf H kd pGr;f tm; &Sif pkpaygi;f tiftm; 200 cef@ukd Aef;armf-rE av; ajy;qGaeonfh rSevbwfpum; k W J f Hk f 5 pD;jzifh jzpf}uD;em;od@k ac:aqmifvmI twkta,mif axmufcyrsm;udk usi;f ycJonf?87 H JG h xdaxmufcH yGrsm;wGif autditkd ac: ucsivwajrmufa&;tzG@J vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf? k J kf fGf od@k aomf ucsivi,f (200)ausmcef@onf ppftpd;k &.axmufcyrsm;tay: autdit. fl f H JG k f kd &yfwnfcsuEiywf owfI tcsu(7)csuuawmif;qdum qef@usi&wcsconf? awmif;qdk f S hf f f kd k f _ f hJ csu(7)csuwif ppfreonfh 'Drua&pDEiiawmf/ wef;wltcGita&;/ ucsivrsK;d pkrsm;tm;vk;H f fG Sf kd kd f H hf fl tjrefpnf;vH;k nD!wr&&da&;/ etzppftpd;k &. trsK;d om;nDvmcH }udKqdaxmufcrukd qef@ $ f_ S k H_ usi+f y;D axmufcaeonfh ucsivrsK;d rsm;tm;vk;H udvnf; rvdvm;a=umif;/ trsK;d om;nDvm H fl k k cHukd }udKqdaxmufcjH cif;tm;jzifh urBmtjrif/ trsm;tjrifwif us&;H_ oGm;onfh *k%oumudk k h G fdQ jyefvnf&yor;f &efEihf trsm;.,k=H unfr&&Sa&; jyKvy&ef tcsejf zpfonf[k azmfjyyg&conf?88 kf d S _d kf d dS hJ jynfci+f zdK;onf ppftpd;k &ESihf ‚if;wd@k . ay:vpDrsm;udk axmufctm;ay;onfh twk kd H ta,mifaxmufcyrsm;udk usi;f yjyKvkyconftjyif twkutcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk qef@usif H JG f hJ h df &_wcsonfh vlpva0;yGrsm;udvnf; usi;f ycJonf? ,if;onf jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;. f kl J k h kd kf &nf&,csursm;xJrS wpfctygt0ifjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh tm%mydirsm;. txl;ypfrwxm; Gf f k kf Sf wducuc&onfh tzG@J tpnf;wpfcrm +idr;f csr;f a&; Edb,fvq&if a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD; k f kd f H kS k f kS aqmifaom jrefrmEdiiwif t}uD;rm;qk;H twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;wpfcjk zpfonfh 1990 a&G; kfH G kf 36 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk aumufytEdi& trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyfyifjzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;onf JG k f kd kd kf tzG@J csKyfacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf olr. tzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; uef@uuqENjy S Gf &ef wpftrv#iwpfa,mufEe;f rvmrae& vma&muf&ef trde@f xwconf? rvma&mufygu df f _ k f hJ vkytm;ay; apcki;f cH&rnfjzpfa=umif; +cdr;f ajcmufajymqdk I twif;t"rR vlpaqmif;cJonf? f d k h wpf&mv#if tenf;qk;H vl(4)OD;rS (20)OD;txd &,u (&yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;a&; G Gf aumifp)rS rvmrae& twif;t"rR qifac:ojzifh vma&muf=u&onf? xd@k jyif a':atmifqef; D h pk=unftm; }uKd qdv#if axmif'%f (7)ESpf jypf'%fcsrnf[vnf; &yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&; k k Gf ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifprsm;u w&m;vGef +cdr;f ajcmufconf? ,if;&_wcsyrsm;twGuf vl (200) D hJ f JG cef@ukd t&ufwuIvnf;aumif;/ aiGay;Ivnf;aumif; pnf;&k;H ac:aqmifconf?89 kd f hJ vGwvyfpm pk&;Hk cGi/hf vGwvyfpm qENjyydicionf vlom;tm;vk;H .,k=H unfcsuf f G f G k f G hf jzpfonf? rnforqdk rdrw@kd qENukd xkwazmfjyoEkici&onf? txl;tcGita&;wpfctaejzifh l d f d f G hf dS hf k jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd qENjyydiciay;jcif;udk vufcEiaomfvnf; tcsK@d jynforsm;udk twif;t kd k f G hf H kd f l usyf rvdurae& qENjycdi;f aejcif;onf vufcEiz,&mr&Sa=umif; 2003 ckEp/f arv (29)&uf kf k H kd f G f d S rkH&Gm+rdK@ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf qdkif;bkwfwifyGJwGif jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu axmufjycJonf?90 h 1998 ckEp/f atmufwbmv rS 1999 ckEp/f Zefe0gvtxd tifet,fv'ygwukd S kd S f fD D qef@usiaom vlpva0;yGrsm;udk Ekiiw0Sr;f vk;H &Sd +rKd @}u;D (19)ckwif usi;f yjyKvyconf? jynfo@l f kl J dfH G k f hJ qENazmfxwy[k ppftpd;k &u trnfwyfxm;aom tqdyg qef@usi&wcsyrsm;udk Ekiiwpf0r;f k f JG k f _ f JG dfH S wGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u OD;aqmifusi;f yjyKvkyconf? axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom jynforsm;udk kd f hJ l a'ocHtm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay; wufa&mufapcJ+h y;D / wufa&mufvmoltrsm;pkrm jynfcif kf S kd 91 +zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uHcia&;ESiz@HG +zdK;a&;tzG@J 0ifrsm; jzpf=uonf? txl;ojzifh 2007 kd f hf ckEp/f pufwifbmvESihf atmufwbmvrsm;wGif jyKvkycaom tifet,fv'ygwD qef@usif S kd f hJ f fD a&; twkta,mif vlpva0;rsm;onf ppftm%mydirsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k . vufuiwwf jynfcif kl kf kd f k kd +zdK;toif;. tm%m&Sio&kyreukd ydryjD yifpm ay:vGiapcJonf? f f S f k kd G fh Ediia&;twkutcHygwrsm;udk qef@usiuef@uuonfh vlpva0;yGrsm;wGif tm%m kfH df D f Gf kl J ykirsm;bufrS vkyavhvyx&Sonfh tcsuwpfcrm ‚if;wd@k u toifa&;I,laqmifvmaom df f kf d f kS h pm&Gupmwrf;rsm;udk y&dwowfxrS vlwcsKd @tm; wufa&mufI zwf=um;jycdi;f jcif; jzpfonf? f f J k aeylususJ uGi;f jyif}uD;xJwif t"rRac:,lpaqmif;xm;aom vlx}k uD;u qENrygaomfvnf; J G k tm%mydirsm;tvdus axmufca=umif; vufcyw;D ay;&onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh jynfci+f zdK; kf k H kf kd acgi;f aqmifrsm;u “tifet,fv'ygwu wdi;f jynfe@J vli,fawGukd zsuq;D aew,f/ ud,hf f fD D k f k wdi;f jynfukd jynfyvufxa&mufatmif vJay;aew,f/ wki;f jynfukd pGe@f ypfxm;wJh opPmazmuf k J $ d awGjzpfw,f” pojzifh &_wcsaecsewif jynfovu “ NLD ygw/D a':atmifqef;pk=unfEi/hf f df G ll S 37 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; OD;wifO;D wd@k ukd qef@usi=f u”[k vufo;D vufarmif;wef;I atmf&onf? jynfovxtrsm;pkrm llk S uef@uu&wcsyrsm; +yD;pD;oGm;aomfvnf; rnfonfta=umif;t&mrsm; ajym=um;cJonf/ G f _ f JG h h rnfonf&nf&,csujf zifh ajymoGm;cJonfukd em;rvnfvu=f uouJo@kd pdw0ifpm;r_vnf; h Gf h kd h f 92 r&S=d uacs? jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;. twkta,mif axmufcyrsm;onf jynfovx. ae@ kd kf H JG llk pOfb0rsm;udyg xdyg;+cdr;f ajcmufvmcJonf? rE av;+rdK@wiusi;f yonfh vlpva0;yGrsm;udk k h W Gf kl J wufa&muf&ef a'ocHrsm;udk tm%mydirsm;u toHcs@J pufrsm;jzihf vduvatmf[pfI zdtm; kf kfH ay;cJonf? wufa&muf&efysuuuygu a&/ rD;rsm;udk jzwfawmufypfrnftjyif wpfO;D v#if h fGf h '%faiG (100) usyuvnf; ay;aqmif&rnf[k +rdK@wi;f &Sd jynfovxukd tm%mydirsm;u f kd G llk kf w&m;vGef +cdr;f ajcmufconf? xd@k a=umifh +rdK@aevlx. (90)&mcdiEe;f onf tm%mydirsm;. hJ k kf_ kf trde@f ay; +cdr;f ajcmufrrsm;udk rvGeqef&onftwGuf qENrygbEihf vduemvkyaqmifchJ _ f Jh JS k f f 93 &onf? axmufcyrsm; wufa&muforsm;udk aiG (3000)usyf ay;rnf[k tm%mydirsm;u H JG l kf rufv;Hk ay; pnf;&k;H cJaomfvnf; wu,fvufawG@wir_ ay;aqmifjcif;r&Sonftjyif jynfol h h Gf dh tcsK@d rm twkta,mifaxmufcyumvrsm;twGi;f ‚if;wd@k .0rf;a&;twGuyif tcuftcJ S H JG f 94 rsm;ESihf &ifqic&onf? kd f hJ xd@k jyif2007 ckEp/f atmufwbmvtwGi;f Y rE av;wdi;f jrif;+cH+rdK@Eihf rdwvm+rdK@ S kd W k S DW rsm;wGif usi;f ycJaom trsK;d om;nDvmcHaxmufcyrsm;wGif aus;&Gmrsm;rS &Gmol&mom;rsm;udk h H JG G rwufrae&trde@f jzihf jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J rS twif;tusyf ac:,lpaqmif;cJonf? axmufcywuf kd k h H JG a&muforsm;udk usyaiG (1500)ay;rnf/ xrif;au|;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay;+y;D jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm; l f kd u pnf;&k;H cJonf? rwufa&mufonfh tdrrsm;udk wpftrv#if '%faiG (10000)usyf ay;aqmif h f df &rnf[k +cr;f ajcmufconf? jynfovxonf jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;. rufv;Hk ay; qGaqmif d hJ llk kd kf J r_rsm;a=umifr[kwyJ '%faiGray;aqmifEiI wufa&mufc&onf? w&m;r#wr_r&Saom ,if; h f kd f hJ d vky&yfrsm;a=umifh vlxEihf jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;t=um; cdu&efjzpfym;r_rsm;yif &Sconf?95 f kS kd kf kf G d hJ xk@d enf;wl 2007 ckEpf atmufwbmvtwGi;f yckuL+rdK@wif jyKvkyaom ppftpd;k S kd U G f &. trsK;d om;nDvmcHaxmufcyrsm;wGivnf; jynfovxukd wufa&muf&ef t"rR qifac:cJh H JG f llk h onfukd awG@&onf? tm%mydirsm;u wufa&mufvmolrsm;udk usyaiG (1500) usyay;+yD; kf f f 96 rwufa&mufv#if usyaiG (3000)usyf jyefay;&rnf[k +cr;f ajcmufconf? xd@k jyif rauG;wdi;f / f d hJ k rauG;+rKd @ axmufcyrsm;wGivnf; tvm;wl zdtm;ay;r_rsm;&Sconf? tpd;k &axmufcyrsm;udk H JG f d hJ H JG wufa&muf&ef jynfci+f zKd ;ESihf pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J rsm;u aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd a'ocHrsm;udk rwufrae& kd f vufrwx;kd cdi;f cJonf? rwufa&mufygu Ediiawmfukd rxDrjhJ rifvyrEihf +rdK@e,fr,uudk Sf k h kfH kf_S wdi=f um;rnf[k vSnvnfausnm+y;D usyaiG (3000)rS (10000)txd '%faiG&urnf[vnf; k hf f dk f k 97 +cdr;f ajcmufconf? atmifv+H rdK@wif wpf&yfuuv#if vlO;D a& (50)E_e;f wufa&muf&ef hJ G Gf 38 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk twif;tusyf pkaqmif;cJonf? ud,wif rvkuEiygu vlim;xnfay;&onf? tpd;k &axmuf h k f kd d f kd f S h cHyrsm;od@k oGm;a&muf&ef twif;t"rRacsmqGxm;aom um;rsm;jzifh yd@k aqmifay;cJonf? tqdk JG J h ygum;rsm;onf tpd;k &tm; ykretcGef ay;aqmifaeaom um;rsm;jzpfonftwGua=umifh HSf h f ,mOfyi&irsm;ESihf jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm; t=um;wGivnf; rausvnfrrsm; ay:ayguchJ kd f S f kd kf f _ f 98 onf? ppftpd;k &ausmaxmufaemufcH jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u OD;aqmifusi;f yaeaom twk kd ta,mif axmufcyrsm;wGif jynfovxukd twif;"rR ae&mcsxm;r_rsm;a=umifh rdvmoef@&i;f H JG llk † S r_ enf;yg;jcif;/ cku&efjzpfym;jcif;rsm; r=umc% jzpfay:cJonf? cdu&efjzpfym;r_rsm;a=umifh df G h kf G wufa&mufvmolrsm;xJwif aoqH;k r_rsm;yif &Sconf? vlpva0;yGrsm; usi;f yaepOfumv G d hJ kl J twGi;f &moDOwkyjl yif;vGe;f jcif; od@k r[kwf rd;k onf;xefpm&GmoGe;f jcif; ponfh tajctaersm; G udvnf; }uKH awG@c&onf? rnfonftajctaersm;wGirqdk jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;u twk k hJ h f kd kf ta,mif vlpva0;yGrsm;udk tpDtpOftwdi;f qufvufusi;f ycJonf? kl J k h 1994 ckepfwif yJc;l wki;f / jynf+rKd @Y usi;f yaom etzppftpd;k &tm; axmufca=umif; G d H jyoonfh vlpva0;yGwpfcwif vlaxmifaygi;f rsm;pGmtm; twif;t"rR wufa&muf&ef kl J kG apcdi;f cJonf? jynforsm;udk vlpva0;yGJ rusi;f ycifwpf&uftvdwif jc0if;wpfcxY pk&;Hk apcJh kh l kl kG H kJ onf? jynforsm;tm; tdromtoH;k jyKcGiuyif ydwyifxm;cJonf? xdtajctaersm;a=umifh l f hf kd f h k tcsKd @rm xGuajy;vGwajrmuf&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJ=h uonf? xduo@kd xGuajy;&ef }uKd ;yrf;olrsm;onf S f f k hJ f k fS hJ kk _G tapmifrsm;. 0g;vH;k ydi;f rsm;/ wkwrsm;jzifh ¶duEujf cif;udk cHc&onf? xd¶e;f &if;qefcwfrwif h k f vl (2) a,mufonf ajcjzifh uefausmuf/ eif;ajcI owfjzwfjcif;cHc&onf? ausm&k;d usK;d oGm; hJ aom trsK;d orD;(2)OD;tygt0if vlta,muf (20) '%f&m&&Sconf? od@k aomfvnf; vlpva0; d hJ kl 99 yGrsm;udk aemufwae@wif tpDtpOftwdi;f qufvufusi;f ycJonf? J G k h xd@k jyif 2007 ckEp/f atmufwbmvtwGi;f Yvnf; rdonf;xefpm &GmoGe;f r_a=umifh S kd k G rauG;wdi;f / rauG;+rdK@wijf yKvkyonfh twkta,mif ppftpd;k &axmufcyo@kd wufa&muf&ef k G f H JG jynforsm;udk o,faqmifvmonfum;wpfp;D ntcsewif wdr;f arSmufconf? jynfotcsK@d l h df G hJ l '%f&mjyif;xefpm&&Sc+hJ yD; tjcm;jynforsm;vnf; wpfnvk;H qif;qif;&J&Eihf aecJ&onf? Gd l JS h od@k aomfvnf; +rKd @e,fat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;a&;aumifpu tqdygowif;tm; oufqif D k kd 100 &mrdom;pkrsm;xH raygu=f um;ap&ef owday;ajymqdconf? vlpva0;yGrsm; usi;f yaepOf k hJ kl J wGivnf; rd;k onf;xefpm &GmoGe;f r_a=umifh ausmif;om;vli,frsm; ruse;f rrm jzpfc=hJ uonf?101 f G rGejf ynfe,f&dS armfv+rdKif/ usKuxEihf oxk+H rdK@rsm;wGif jyKvkyaom vlxva0;yGrsm;wGivnf; d f kd S f kkl J f jynfovxukd twif;tusyztm;ay; wufa&mufapcJonf? xdvpva0;yGrsm;od@k oGm;&m llk fd h k lk l J vrf;wGif um;ay:rS jyKwfusjcif;/ tarmqd@k jcif; ponfh xdcurrsm;a=umifh vl(3)OD; aoqk;H cJh kd f _ 102 onf? 39 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 2003 ckepf/ atmufwbmvwGif csi;f jynfe,f/ [m;cg;+rdK@Y etzppftpd;k &. vrf; kd !$ecsu(7)&yfyg 'Drua&pDvrf;jyajryHtm; axmufca=umif;jyoonfh vlpva0;yGwpfcukd ff kd k H kl J k usi;f ycJonf? ,if;vlpva0;yGrsm;od@k ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESihf tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;udk h kl J zdtm;ay; wufa&mufapcJonf? wufa&muf&ef ysuuuorsm;udk ausmif;rSxwy,fjcif;/ h fGfl kf tvkyrxwy,fjcif; (od@k r[kw) '%faiGay;aqmifjcif;rsm; cH&rnf[k +cdr;f ajcmufajymqdchJ fS k f f k onf? csi;f jynfe,f&dS t"du+rdK@}uD;rsm;rS ud,pm;vS,rsm;apv$w&ef zdtm;ay;apcdi;f cJ+h yD; kf f f k [mcg;+rKd @wivnf; wpftraxmifv#if tenf;qH;k vlwpfa,mufEe;f wufa&muf&ef !$e=f um;cJh Gf df _ onf? wufa&muforsm;tm; vlwef;oH;k wef;cGI jrefrmh¶;kd &m t0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wfqifap l J 103 S G &ef !$e=f um;cJonf? xd@k jyif 2007 ckEpf pufwifbmvtwGi;f Y &Sr;f jynfe,f/ rlq,f+rdK@wif h jyKvyaom trsK;d om;nDvmcHaxmufcyrsm;udvnf; oufqi&mXmersm;&Sd 0efxrf;tiftm; kf H JG k kd f tay:rlwnfI cGwrf;pepfjzihf wufa&muf&ef tm%mydirsm;u !$e=f um;cJonf?104 awmif J kf h wGi;f }uD;+rdK@wif Xmeqdi&mwpfcv#if tenf;qk;H (6)OD;us wufa&muf&ef tm%mydirsm;u G kf k kf 105 !$e=f um;cJonf? h Ed0ifbmvtwGi;f &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyi;f erfcrf;+rKd @wif jyKvyaom tpd;k &axmufcH k kd h G kf yGrsm;wGif &yfuuwi;f &Sd jynforsm;udk wpftrv#iwa,mufEe;f rwufrae& wufa&muf J GfG l df f _ &ef tm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay;cJonf? tdrajcenf;aom &yfuursm;rS wpftrv#if (3) kf h f Gf df a,mufEe;f rwufrae& wufa&mufc&onf? Tppftpd;k &axmufcyrsm;wGif Xmeqdi&m _ hJ H JG kf 0efxrf;rsm;/ rD;owf/ =uufajceD/ &Jwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;ESihf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrw@kd d oufqi&m 0wfpHk rsm;udk 0wfqifcir&yJ &k;d &d;k t&yf0wfrsm;0wfqif+yD; t&yfom;toGijf zifh kd f G hf vduygconfrm xl;jcm;r_wpfck jzpfconf?1062003 ckEp/f atmufwbmvwGif rE av;wdi;f / k f hJ S hJ S kd W k H JG G f S hf kd kd yk*+H rKd @Y usi;f ycJaom Road Map axmufcywivnf; jynfe,fEiwi;f toD;oD;rS jynfci+f zKd ; h ud,pm;vS,rsm; ESihf tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;udk tm%mydirsm;u rwufrae& qifac:cJonf? kf f kf hh tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;onf tcseuef tvkyysuonftjyif rdrw@kd u,yip&dwjf zifh qENrygbJ df k ffh d kd f kd f wufa&mufc&onf? wufa&muf&ef ysuuujf cif; od@k r[kwf jiif;qefaom 0efxrf;rsm;udk hJ fG tm%mydirsm;u '%faiG aumufcconf?107 kf H hJ 1994 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v (22)&ufae@wif yJc;l wdi;f / awmifi+l rdK@Y ppftpd;k &. twk S D G k ta,mif 'Drua&pDvrf;jyajrykukd tm;ay;axmufconfh vlpva0;yG}J uD;wckukd jynfci+f zdK; kd H H kl kd toif;u OD;aqmifI usi;f yjyKvkyconf? ppftm%mydirsm;onf vlpva0;yG}J u;D rpwifcif f hJ kf kl 2 v }udKwifI aus;&Gmrsm;tm;vk;H od@k oGm;a&muf+yD; &Gmol/ &Gmom;rsm;tm; wpftraxmif df v#if tenf;qk;H (1)a,mufEe;f wufa&muf&ef ajym=um;cJonf? ,if;ppftpk;d & axmufcyrsm; _ h H JG twGuf wpftrv#if usyaiG (10)ay;aqmif&+yD;/ wufa&muf&ef ysuuuygu enf;trsK;d df f fGf rsK;d jzihf +cdr;f ajcmufItwif;t"rR wufa&mufapcdi;f cJonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh v,form;rsm; kh 40 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk qdv#if ppftpd;k &tm;qef@usionf[k pGypI ‚if;wd@k yif v,f,majrrsm;udk odr;f qnf;rnf/ k f f JG kd tvkyorm;rsm;qdv#if tvkyjf zKwrnf/ ausmif;om;rsm;qdv#if pmar;yGatmifrwf r&atmif f k f k J S jyKvyrnf/ um;orm;rsm; qdv#ivnf; ‚if;wd@k . um;armif;vdipifrsm;udk &kyor;f rnf pojzifh kf kf kf fd trsK;d rsK;d +cdr;f ajcmufI wufa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? xd@k a=umifh trsm;pkonf tm%mydif h k rsm;.trde@f ukd rvGeqef&I wufa&muf=u&onf? tvkyorm;/ v,form;rsm;taejzifh f J f rdrw@kd .ae@pOfvyief;rsm;udk qufvufvyaqmifEi&eftwGuf tjcm;wpkwpfa,mufukd d kf kf kd f H 108 tpm;xd;k iSm;&rf;&eftwGuf aiGa=u;tcuftcJ }uHKawG@c&onf? hJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;. vlpva0;yGrsm;od@k ar#mvifxm;onfh ta&twGutwdi;f dk kl J fh fk wufa&mufvmolO;D a& tjynft0 r&Saomfvnf; wufa&mufvmolta&twGutm; r=um h d f c%csum;ajymqdI tpd;k &ydi¶yjf rifo=H um;ESihf toHviXmersm;od@k owif;yd@k avh&onf? Oy hJ k kfk $ hf dS rmtm;jzihf rdwWDvm+rdK@&Sd tpdk;&axmufcHyGJrsm;odk@ wufa&mufcJhonfh ta&twGufonf (20000)ausmcef@om&Saomfvnf; tm%mydirsm;u (60000)ausmf wufa&mufconf[k f d kf hJ 109 xkwjf yefconf? 1994 ckEptwGi;f u &Sr;f jynfajrmufyi;f wGif jyKvkyaom twkta,mif hJ Sf kd f ppftpd;k &axmufcyrsm;wGif wufa&mufota&twGuonf aomif;*%ef;r#om &Saomf H JG l f d vnf; ppftm%mydirsm;u 2 ode;f ausmcef@ wufa&mufconf[k cs@J um;I ausnmcJonf?110 kf f hJ h 2003 ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; AkvcsKyfcif!e@f . vrf;jyajryk(7) S df $ H csuukd axmufca=umif;jyo&ef vlpva0;yGwpfcukd jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u OD;aqmifI &efuef f H kl J k kd k wdi;f / ouFe;f u|e;f +rKd @e,f&dS ok0Àtm;upm;uGi;f wGif usi;f ycJonf? xdvrf;jyajrykaxmufcyJG k h k H H od@k jynfovxk (15000) ausmf wufa&mufconf[k ppftpd;k &rD',mrsm;u *k%,0}hH um;pGm ll hJ D fl G ajymqdcaomfvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tygt0if ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;ESihf tpd;k & k hJ kd 0efxrf;trsm;pkonf xdaxmufcyo@kd tm%mydirsm;. trde@f ay;apcdi;f cJjh cif;a=umifh rv$J k H JG kf k 111 ra&Smifom wufa&mufc&jcif;jzpfa=umif; awG@&&onf? hJ dS 2006 ckEpwif trsK;d om;nDvmcHtm; axmufca=umif;jyoonfh twkta,mif Sf G H vlpva0;yGrsm;udk ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u OD;aqmifI Zefe0g&D 7 &ufae@ kl J kd f k kd wGif &efue+f rKd @ ok0Àtm;upm;wGif usi;f ycJonf? wqufwnf;Yyif u&ifjynfe,f/ ucsijf ynf k h e,f/ yJc;l wdi;f ESihf rE av;wdi;f wd@k wivnf; qufvufusi;f ycJonf? jrefrmppftpd;k & owif; k W k Gf h rD',mrsm;wGif tqdygtrsK;d om;nDvmcHaxmufcyukd oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom jynfovx}k u;D D k H JG ll u axmufc}H uKd qdc+hJ y;D / jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if (22)oef;ESihf rdcifEiuav; apmifa&Smufa&; tzG@J 0if k kd S hf h (4)oef;jzifh axmufcrtrsm;pkukd &,lEica=umif; *k%,0=hH uGm;pGm ajymqdconf? od@k aomf H_ kd f hJ fl k hJ vnf; axmufcyo@kd wufa&mufc&aom a'ocHjynforsm;rSm tm%mydirsm;. enf;trsK;d H JG hJ l kf rsK;d jzifh zdtm;ay;+cr;f ajcmufrrsm;a=umifh ‚if;wd@k .ae@pOfvyief;rsm;udk csexm;cJ+h y;D wufa&muf d _ kf f 112 cJ&jcif;jzpfonf? ppftpd;k &rD',mrsm;u rnfo@kd yif yk}H u;D cs@J ajymqdvifupm; tqdygaxmuf h D kh k 41 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; cHyrsm;onf vlxqENrygyJ twif;t"rRpaqmif;xm;onfh twkta,mif vlpva0;yGrsm; JG k k kl J jzpfonfrm xif&m;onf? S S wufa&mufvmolO;D a& tvGeenf;yg;aev#if oufqi&m jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydif f kd f kd k rsm;u vmbfx;kd jcif;/ rufv;Hk ay;jcif; ponf@enf;rsm;jzifh pnf;&k;H I tiftm;jznfwif;cJonf? h h weoFm&Dwi;f / +rw+f rKd @&dS ppftpd;k & vrf;jyajrykaxmufcyrsm;twGuf a'ocHtm%mydirsm;u kd d H H JG kf oufqi&m0efxrf;wpfO;D udk vpmrJcihf 3 &ufEihf oufomqef 2 jynf/ ausmif;q&m/ q&mr dk f hG S wpfO;D udk ausmif;0wfpHk wpfp/Hk tv,fwef;ausmif;om;wpfO;D udk Avmpmtkyf 8 tkyEihf abmhyif fS 3 acsmif;/ txufwef;ausmif;om;wpfO;D udk Avmpmtkyf 12 tkyEihf abmhyif 3 acsmif;/ fS wuUovausmif;om;wpfO;D udk Avmpmtkyf 15 tkyEihf rSwwrf;pmtkyf 1 tkypD pojzifh kd f fS f f 113 vmbfx;kd pnf;&k;H cJonf? h ppftpd;k &. twkta,mifaxmufcyrsm;/ qef@usi&wcsyrsm;twGuf jynfovxk H JG f _ f JG ll udk enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh zdtm;ay;+cdr;f ajcmufI wufa&mufapcdi;f cJonfomru jynfoyiaps; kh l kd f qdirsm;udyg jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;u t"rRywci;f cJonf? 2007 ckEpf atmufwbmv kf k kd kf d f kd h S kd twGi;f yJc;l +rdK@tm;upm;uGi;f Y usi;f ycJaom trsK;d om;nDvmcHaxmufcyrsm;wGif wuf h H JG a&mufvmonfh vlxtrsm;pkonf yJc;l wki;f &Sd +rKd @e,ftm;vk;H rS wpftrwpfa,muf rjzpfrae k d df vdu&ef trde@f ay;cH&olrsm;jzpfonf? wufa&muf&ef ysuuuorsm;onf usyaiG(1000)udk kf fGfl f '%faiGtjzpf ay;aqmif&onf? Ttwkta,mif nDvmcHaxmufcyrsm; usi;f yaepOftwGi;f H JG yJc;l +rdK@&dS vBu&nfqirsm;tygt0if qditm;vk;H udvnf; ydwxm;&ef trde@f xwconf?114 f kd f kf k f k f hJ tvm;wlpm xdi;f -jrefrme,fpyf jr0wD+rdK@wif twkta,mifaxmufcyrsm; usi;f yaepOf Gk G H JG umvtwGi;f Yvnf; +rdK@ay:&Sd aps;qdirsm;tm;vH;k udk ydwxm;&ef tm%mydirsm;u trde@f kf f kf xkwconf? ,if;axmufcyo@kd jynfovxtm; twif;t"rRwufa&mufapcJ+h yD;/ rwuf f hJ H JG llk a&mufygu wpftraxmifv#if jrefrmaiG (8000)usyEihf bdvyfajr (1)tdwf '%f&urnf[k df fS kd f 115 +cdr;f ajcmufconf? hJ tm%mydirsm;onf trsK;d om;nDvmcHaxmufcyrsm;/ twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm; kf H JG kf ESihf jynfyrD',mrsm;udk qef@usiwucuonfh vlpva0;yGrsm;udk jynfci+f zdK;OD;aqmifrj_ zihf D f kd f kd f kl J kd jynfwi;f Y qufwujf yKvkyconftjyif jynfyEdii}H uD;rsm;udk qef@usionfh vlpva0;yGrsm; G dk f hJ h kf f kl J udvnf; jyKvkyconf? 2007 ckEp/f azazmf0g&vtwGi;f Y &efue+f rKd@&dS tar&duefEihf +Adwef k f hJ S D k S d oH&;Hk rsm;a&S@wif ppftpd;k &ausmaxmufaemufcH a=u;pm;jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u (3)&uf G kd qufwdkuf qef@usifqENjycJhonf? TqENjyyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifolrsm;udk ppftpdk;&vufa0cH udat;vGif OD;aqmifaom jrefrmEdiitay: taemufEiirsm;. pD;yGm;a&;ydwq@kd rqef@usif k kfH kd f H f_ a&; v_y&m;aeonfqonftzG@J rsm;u wpfO;D v#if usyaiG (3000)ay;I pnf;&k;H v_@H aqmfcjhJ cif;jzpf fS kd h f 116 onf? od@k aomfvnf; oH&;Hk a&S@ qENyrsm;ESiywfoufI jrefrmppftm%mydirsm;u tar&d JG hf kf 42 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk uefEihf +Awew@kd . Advusp;dk rk;d r_ukd rcHEiI trsK;d om;a&;pdw"gwf xufoeforsm;u a&S@wef; S d df kf dk f f l 117 xGuf qef@usiuef@uuvujf cif; jzpfonf[k umuG,ajymqdconf? f G f kd f k hJ xd@k jyif tar&duefukd wdu&uqef@usionfh jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J . v_y&m;r_rsm;rSm k f kd f f kd fS &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyi;f / erfcrf;+rKd @ tpd;k &axmufcywpfcwif jzpfonf? +rKd @e,fjynfci+f zKd ;OuUX kd h H JG k G kd OD;ausmjf rifEitzG@J u a=uG;a=umforsm; [pfatmfI tar&dueforRw a*sm'AvsLbk&fS "gwyHk h S hf H h f tm; rD;&_@d zsuq;D cJonf? Ttjzpftysuukd "gwy&uu;l ol t&yfom;wpfO;D udvnf; tm%m fh f f Hk dk f k 118 ydirsm;u zrf;qD;cJonf? jynfci+f zdK;u vkyaqmifcaom tjcm;v_y&m;r_wpfcrm ,cifu kf h kd f hJ fS kS jynfwi;f ae&ma'orsm;/ tpd;k &rD',mrsm;wGi“ jynfytm;ud;k ykqe&;dk tqd;k jrif0g'rsm;tm; G D f df D qef@usi=f u”/ “jynfytiftm;}u;D EdiiwpfEii”/ “taemuftypk tiftm;}u;D EdiiwpfEii” k f H dk f H kf k f H kd f H pojzifh ok;H E_e;f cJaomfvnf; aemufyi;f wGif “tar&dueftm;ud;k ykqe&;dk tqd;k jrif0g'rsm;tm; h kd df D qef@usi=f u” [k ajymif;vJo;Hk E_e;f um tar&dueftm; wdu&uqef@usiconf? tqd;k qk;H rSm k f kd f f hJ xkaqmify'rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;a=umfjimrsm;twGuf pnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwDtcGeXmewGif d kf f tcGeaqmifxm;aom yk*vupD;yGm;a&;a=umfjimqdi;f bkwrsm;ay:wGif xyfqifcswqcjhJ cif;jzpf f ~d k f h d f JG onf? ,if;vky&yfrsm;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;&Sirsm;udk pdwtaESmuft,Suf rsm;pGmjzpfapcJh f f f f 119 onf? jynfyrS Ekiia&;acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ ud,pm;vS,rsm;ESihf txl;oHwrefrsm; jrefrm dfH kf f jynfo@kd ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh vma&mufvnfywfonftcsewivnf; ppftm%mydirsm;u h df Gf kf zefw;D xm;aom twif;t"rRpaqmif;xm;onfh vlpva0;yGrsm;/ qef@usi&wcsyrsm;/ twk k kl J f _ f JG ta,mifaxmufcyrsm;jzifh {nfc}H udKqdavh&onf? ,if; twif;t"rR vlpva0;yGrsm;udk H JG h k dS kl J EdiiwumoHwrefrsm; vma&mufvnfywfcsewif vkuvjH yo&ef 0g'jzef@csa&;wpfctaejzihf kfH df G d f d k tok;H jyKconfukd awG@&onf? 2006 ckEpf tmqD,u,pm;vS,f rav;&Sm;EdiijH cm;a&;0ef}u;D hJ S H kd f kf . c&D;pOftwGi;f Y anmifEpyiftrsK;d om;nDvmcH }udKqdaxmufcyrsm;udk trmcHtzG@J 0ifrsm; Sf k H JG jzifh wpfEiiv;Hk twdi;f twmjzifh usi;f yoGm;&ef jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESi@f zG@H +zdK;a&;toif; dk f H k kd f 120 (A[d) u pDpOfxm;cJonf? k h ppftpd;k &. twkta,mif vlpva0;yGrsm;od@k wufa&mufol trsm;pkonf t"rR kl J apcdi;f jcif; cHc&olrsm;jzpfonftavsmuf xdo@kd wufa&mufae&jcif;udk tm%mydirsm;. k hJ h k kf taESmuft,Suay; +cr;f ajcmufrrsm;rS uif;vGw&ef enf;vrf;wpfctjzpf ¶_jrifxm;=uonf? f d _ f k tusK;d quftaejzifh ppftpd;k &axmufcyrsm;/ twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ taemufEii}H u;D H JG kf kd f rsm;ESihf jynfyrD',mrsm;udk qef@usi&wcsonfh vlpva0;yGrsm;od@k qENrygyJ wufa&mufvmcJ& D f_ f kl J h onf@ jynfovxuvnf; vlpva0;yGrsm;twGi;f tm%mydirsm;. aºuG;a=umforsm;udk llk kl J kf H qef@usiaºu;G a=umfjcif;/ jyuf&,fjyKjcif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? xdvyaqmifrrsm;a=umifh tm%m f f hJ k kf _ 121 ydkifrsm;. zrf;qD;jcif;udkvnf; cH&onf? tcsKd@+rdK@e,frsm;&Sd tpdk;&axmufcHyGJrsm;wGif 43 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tm%mydirsm;u pDpOfxm;aom aºuG;a=umforsm;udk vufo;D vufarmif;wef;I atmf[pf kf H aºuG;a=umfrnforsm;r&Sojzifh tqifoifh oGi;f xm;+yD;aom toHrsm;udk avmfpyDumrsm;jzifh hl d zGiI vSnvnfc&onftaetxm;od@k a&mufconf? ,if;jzpfpOfonf rE av;wdi;f / awmif hf hf hJ h hJ W k 122 wGi;f }uD;+rdK@wif usi;f ycJaom t"rRvpva0;yGwif jzpfym;cJonf? G h lk l J G Gh tusif h y suf v mbf p m;r_ r sm; jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf jrefrmEdiitwGi;f &Sd vkyief;tawmfrsm;rsm;udk vuf0g}uD; kd kfH f tkyum toif;twGuf &HyaiGrsm;udk vdrvnfpaqmif;cJonftjyif vmbfpm;r_rsm;udyg usL; f Hk f k hh k vGeconf? 2002 ckEptwGi;f weoFm&Dwi;f twGi;f &Sd tm%mydirsm;u rlvwef;pmoif f hJ Sf kd kf ausmif;rsm;/ use;f rma&;taxmuftulypPn;f rsm;/ pduysKd ;arG;jrLa&;ESihf a&t&if;tjrpfrsm; kf tygt0if e,fpyfa'ozG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&;pDrcsursm;twGu[k ta=umif;jyum &HyaiGrsm;udk Hf f kH jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k ay;tyfconf? cGijhf yKcsur&SbJ ydieufusL;ausmI cd;k ,lzrf;qD;xm;aom kd hJ f d kf f ig;rsm;udk odr;f ,la&mif;csjcif;/ w&m;r0if e,fpyfu;l oef;oGm;vma&;ESihf c&D;onfrwywifjcif; S f kH udprsm;wGivnf; tcGeaiGrsm;aumufcjHcif; ponfenf;vrf;rsm;jzifvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif; P f f h h kd 123 twGuf &HyaiGrsm;pkaqmif;cJonf? kH h jynfci+f zKd ;toif;twGuf tvm;wl &efyaiG&mazGa&;}uKd ;yrf;r_rsm;wGif &cdijf ynfe,f/ dk kH S k oHw+JG rKd @wif ig;ajcmufo,f,y@kd aqmifa&; pufavSt}u;D wpfp;D v#if wpfaomif;usyEihf tao; G l fS wpfp;D v#if ig;axmifusy[I toD;oD;owfrwum tvSLaiGrsm;tjzpf aumufcconf? xdo@kd fl Sf H hJ k ay;aqmif&ef jiif;qeforsm;tm; rSwywifjyKvkyray;bJ ‚if;wk@d .vkyief;rsm;udvnf; w&m; l f kH f f k r0if vkyief;rsm;tjzpf a=unmcJonf?124 tvm;wlpm rE av;wki;f / rwW&m +rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd f h G W d aus;&Gmrsm;wGivnf; aus;&Gmtm%mydirsm;ESihf jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm; yl;aygi;f +y;D enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh f kf kd aiGa=u;rsm;aumufcconf? Oyrmtm;jzihf trsK;d orD;a&;&mtzG@J 0ifrsm;twGuf t0wftpm; H hJ zd;k [kqum wpftrv#if jrefrmaiG usy(300) aumufcconf? xd@k jyif ,l&dk 2004 abmvk;H yGukd kd df f H hJ J 125 ta=umif;jyI wpftrv#if usyaiG (300) twif;t"rR aumufcconf? df f H hJ tm%mydirsm;onf aus;vufp;D yGm;a&; tqifjh riwifa&;ESiywfoufI v,f,m kf S hf hf pduysK;d a&;rsm; azmfxwvyaqmifay;cJjh cif;/ v,f,mpduysK;d a&;twGuf "gwajr=oZmESihf kf k f kf kf f yd;k owfaq;rsm; jzef@jzL;&mwGif ulnay;jcif;rsm;udk vkyaqmifay;Ediconf[k qdonf?126 od@k D f k f hJ k aomfvnf; rauG;wdi;f +rKd @e,ftoD;oD;&Sd jrefrmhpuysK;d a&;t&m&Srsm;/ oufqi&m r,u OuUX k kd f d kd f rsm;ESihf jynfaxmifp}k u@H cia&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;a&;toif;0ifrsm;ud,wif e,fqif;+y;D awmifov,fo kd f k f kd l rm;rsm;udk =unf;/av/a& !SdE_dif;uGyfuJa&;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a&$ref;.om; atmifoufref; ydiqiaom {&ma&$0gur%xwf "gwajr=oZmtwkrsm;udk r0,frae& twif;t"rR a&mif;cs k f dk f k` D k f cJonf? xda&mufrr&Saom "gwajr=oZmtwkrsm;a=umifh pyg;yifrsm;txGuw;kd r_ avsmenf; h _d f f h 44 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk ap+y;D v,form;rsm;udvnf; aiGuevyef; jzpfapcJonf? wpf{uv#if (2)tdwEe;f jzifh twif; k kf l h f_ t"rRa&mif;csconfh "gwajr=oZmtdwrsm;onf tmedoifr&Sonftjyif tjcm;"gwajr=oZm hJ f f dh f tdwrsm;xuf aps;}uD;aeaoma=umifh awmifov,form;rsm; rausreyfjzpfconf? f l hJ a&eHacsmif;+rKd @e,f/ yif;0aus;&GmtkyprS jynfci+f zKd ;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf oufqi&m fk dk dk f ajrwki;f t&m&Srsm;udausm+f yD; ajrEku|e;f cGa0a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufvyuiconf? d d k J f k f kd f hJ v,f,majrrsm; cGa0&mwGivnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k &HyaiG ydrxnf0ifEiorsm;udk OD;pm; J f kd Hk k kd h kd f l ay;cGa0cJonf? pyg;cif;rsm; a&ay;a0onfh a&ajrmif;rsm;udvnf; oufqi&m qnfajrmif; Jh k kd f Xmersm;udausm+f y;D &Gmom;rsm;udk ajrmif;wl;vkytm;ay; qifac:cki;f apcJonf? tqd;k &Gm;qk;H rSm k f hd h vkytm;ay;rvmolrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;vlrutzG@J rsm;ESihf tiftm;jyI aiGa=u;awmif;cHconf? f dk dk f hJ ‚if;tjyif pduysK;d a&;b%frS acs;aiGxway;rnf[qum ykpav#mufvm wpfapmif kf kf k kd HH $ 127 v#if (150) usyEe;f jzifh awmifov,form;rsm;xH a&mif;csconf? ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf f_ l hJ kd f k rsm;onf a&eHacsmif;+rKd @/ yif;acsmif;wpfav#muf&dS v,f,majraumif;rsm;udvnf; toif;&HyHk k aiGtjzpf odr;f ,l+y;D / useajrnHrsm;udk wpf{uv#if 15000 usyEe;f jzifh a'ocHv,form;rsm;udk f h f_ 128 cGwrf;cs a&mif;pm;cJonf? xd@k jyif &cdijf ynfe,f/ ppfawG+rdK@wif usyEpoef;wefz;kd &Saom J h k G fSf d ajruGursm;tm;odr;f ,lI tqdygajruGuae&mrsm;wGif ppfaxmufvr;f a&;¶H;k rsm;udk wnf f k f S aqmufconf? 2002 ckepfwif ‚if;ajruGursm;tm; jyefvnfa&mif;cs&mwGif &&SonftusK;d hJ G f dh 129 tjrwfrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k &HyaiGtjzpf ay;tyfconf? Tod@k jzifh jynfci+f zKd ; wjzpfvJ dk Hk hJ kd jrefrmppftm%m&Sirsm;onf rSeuefaom vlxpnf;&k;H a&;rsm;udk rvkyaqmifEionftjyif f f k f kd f h ppfreaom v,f,mpduysK;d a&;jrSiwifr_ tcef;u¾udyg xdcuysup;D apcJonf? Sf kf hf k kd f f h jynfci+f zKd ;acgi;f qmifrsm;onf trsm;ydiaiGa=u;rsm;udvnf; r=umc% tvGo;kH pm; kd kf k J jyKvkyconf? Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrmjynftv,fyi;f &Sd rD;avmifysup;D oGm;aom tajccHrv f hJ kd f l wef;ausmif;tm; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf a&eHacsmif;+rKd @e,f jynfaxmifp}k u@H cia&;ESihf kd f zG@H +zKd ;a&;toif; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf etz. anmifEpyiftrsKd ;om;nDvmcH ud,pm; Sf kf vS,vnf;jzpfaom OD;atmifei0if;tm; bdvyfajrtdyf (500) ESihf usyaiG(5)oef;udk ay;tyf f dk f f +yD; wm0efay;cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; OD;atmifEi0if;onf ausmif;raqmufyJ tqdyg ypPn;f h dk f k rsm;jzifh ‚if;twGuf ud,yitrf (2)vk;H udk aqmufvyconf? OD;atmifEi0if;. vmbfpm;r_ukd k f kd f d k f hJ dk f a'ocHausmif;om;rdbrsm;u oufqi&mtm%mykirsm;xH wdi=f um;cJaomfvnf; etzu kd f df k h 130 ta&;,laqmif&ucjhJ cif; r&Sacs? Gf d tvm;wlpm 2004 ckEp/f arv (19)&ufae@ &cdijf ynfe,f ayguawm+rdK@e,fwif G S k f G rkewi;f wducwfra=umifh avab;'%fc&ol tdraxmifprsm;tm; wpfpv#if usyaiG (20000) f kd k f _ H f k k f pD xkway;cJonf? avab;'%fc&olrsm;taejzifh (14000)usyuom vufc&&dconf? f H f kd H S hJ useaiG (6000)udk avab;ulna&;tzG@J wiyg0ifaom jynfci+f zdK;/ trsK;d orD;a&;&mtoif;/ f D Gf dk 45 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; =uufajceD tzG@J Eihf +rKd @e,ftycsKyfa&;t&m&Srsm;u tzG@J .tok;H p&dw[qum jzwfawmufchJ S kf d f k kd onf? od@k aomfvnf; aiGvufiif;jzwfyi;f wGirl usyaiG (20000) &&Sa=umif;/ avab;tul kd f f d tnD &&Sorsm;u vufrwa&;xd;k ay;cJ&onf? avab;tultnDrsm;udk jynfovxxo@kd dl Sf h llkH jynfjh ynf00 xkway;jcif;r&SbJ avab;ulna&;tzG@J u &kupm;/ jzwfpm; vkyjf cif;tay: raus h f d D df eyfI wm0ef &Sorsm;xH wdi=f um;cJorsm;udk wdi;f rSL;AdvcsKyarmifO;D trde@f jzihf zrf;qD;cJonf?131 dl k hl k kf f h xd@k tjyif ppftpd;k &vufuiwwjf zpfonfh jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf jynfovxk kd f k dk ll tay: enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aiGa=u;aumufcjH cif;/ aiGrsm;tvGo;Hk pm;jyKjcif; ponfh t*wdvupm; J dk f r_rsm;udvnf; usL;vGev#u&onf? om"utm;jzif-jrefrmEkiiopfawm0ef}u;D XmerS bdu k f f dS h dfH k av;+rKd @/ trSw(&)&yfuu&dS rlvwef;ausmif;twGuf y&dabm*rsm;0,f,&ef csay;xm;onfh f Gf l aiG (4)ode;f udk ausmif;twGuf wpkw&m vkyray;bJ jynfci+f zKd ;pnf;&k;H a&;rSL;rsm;u tvG;J ok;H H f kd pm;jyKvyconf? tvm;wlpm {&m0wDwi;f / 0g;c,fr+rKd @e,f&dS Aefarmftpk}u;D aus;&Gm rlvwef; k f hJ G kd ausmif; jyKjyifaqmufvy&eftwGuf csay;xm;onfh aiGusyoe;f (30)udvnf; &yfuuat; kf fd k Gf csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (&,u)OuUXESihf tzG@J 0ifrsm;u tvGo;Hk pm; jyKvkychJ J f 132 onf? ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. rw&m;pD;yGm;&Smr_/ vmbfpm;r_ kd f k kd ponfh ud,usiw&m; ysujf ym;r_rsm;a=umifh jynfovxrm 'kua&mufc=hJ u&onf? Oyrm k f hf l l kS Q tm;jzifh rauG;wdi;f / acsmuf+rKd @e,fwif &k;H aqmuf&ef txufrcsay;onfh usyaiG ode;f (50)udk k G S f jynfci+f zdK;pnf;&k;H a&;rSL; OD;ausmjf rifEihf tzG@J u ‚if;wd@k u,usK;d twGuf ok;H pGconf? xd@k tjyif kd hS kd f J hJ a&eHajrtvkyorm;rsm;. tyef;ajz&dyomudor;f ,lI jynfci+f zdK;&k;H rsm; zGivpjf cif;/ &k;H f f kd kd hf S aqmufrnfh ajrae&may:wGif pm;aomufqirsm;zGivp+f y;D ud,usK;d &Smjcif;rsm;udvnf; jyKvyf kd f hf S kf k k 133 cJonf? h tez tm%mydirsm;onf ‚if;wd@k .Ediia&;vrf;jyajrykt& topfjyefvnf usi;f y kf kfH H rnfh taxGaxGa&G;aumufywif ‚if;wd@k ausmaxmufaemufcjH yK zG@J pnf;avhusiay;xm;aom JG G hf Ekiia&;toif;tzG@J rsm; aocsmaygutEki&&Sa&;twGuf jynfovx.axmufcrukd tyl dfH f df d llk H_ wjyif; vdtyfae+yDjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh jynfovxw&yfv;Hk udk ppftm%m&Sirsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k k llk f . vufuiwwf Ekiia&;toif;tzG@J rsm;uvGI tjcm;rnfonftzG@J tpnf;ESir# xdpyfcihf kd f k d f H J h hf G r&&Satmif enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d tok;H jyKI }udK;yrf;tm;xkwconf? d f hJ --------------------------- 46 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk tcef ; (4) jynf c d k i f + zd K ;toif ; . Ed k i f i H a &;t=urf ; zuf r _ r sm; jrefrmppftm%m&Sirsm;u OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;xm;aom jynfci+f zdK;(ac: )jynfaxmif f dk pk}u@H cia&;ESiz@HG +zKd ;a&;toif;onf ,Ofaus;odrarG@aom jrefrmhvtzG@J tpnf;twGi;f Ediia&; kd f hf f l kfH t=urf;zufrtrsK;d rsK;d wGif ud,wiu,us yg0ifywfoufconfukd xifxif&m;&Sm; awG@jrif& _ k f kd f kd f hJ S onf? ppftm%m&Sipepf wnf+ra&;ESihf ‚if;wd@k pwwi;f us pDrxm;onfh zG@J pnf;yktajccHOya' f J d f kd H H wck ay:ayguvma&;twGuf twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tygt0if ‚if;wd@k vyief;pOfrsm;udk f kf kf qef@usionf[k ,lq&olrsm;tm;vk;H udk jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J u enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh t=urf;zuf+zKd ci;f f kd G cJonf? h 2002 ckEp/f ZGev 25 &ufae@ armfv+rdKif+rdK@ atmifqef;cef;rY usi;f yjyKvkyaom S f f jynfci+f zKd ;txl;tpnf;ta0;wpfcwivnf; AdvcsKyte;f jrihu trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKy. kd k Gf kf fk f kd f v_y&m;r_rsm;udk apmif=h unf&efEihf tqdygvy&m;r_rsm;udk wm;jrpfaESmuf,u&ef wduwe;f fS hS k _fS Sf kfG 134 ajym=um;cJonf? wcsewnf;Yyif tm%mydirsm;onf vlru/f vl&rf;um;rsm;udk vufoyf h df kf dk arG;+yD; Ediia&;v_y&m;olrsm;udk pepfwus ESyuy+f zdKcGi;f cJonf? kfH fS df G h jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;/ ppftpd;k &udk qef@usif kd kf onf[k ,lq&olrsm;tm;vk;H ESihf taxGaxGt=uyftwnf;rsm;a=umifh ay:ayguvmrnfh jynf f wGi;f r+irroufrrsm;udk t=urf;zuf+zKd ci;f &ef t+rwap }upnfvyaqmifc=hJ uonf? ,if;tpD df _ G J H kf tpOfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u&ef jynfci+f zdK;toif;0if vli,frsm;tygt0if Gf dk omrefjynforsm;udk qEN&onfjzpfap/ r&Sonfjzpfap vufeufuiEihf umuG,a&;enf;AsL[m l dS d kd f S f oifwef;rsm;/ t"du&ke;f ESreif;a&; oifwef;rsm;/ axmufvr;f a&;oifwef;rsm;/ owif;pm oif df S wef;rsm;/ EdiiwumtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; vdrnmvSnjhf zm;enf; oifwef;rsm;135 tygt0if kfH f oifwef;rsK;d pkukd ay:ay:xifxif oif=um;yd@k csay;cJonf? H h jynfci+f zdK;toif; em,u}uD; AdvcsKyfrL;}uD; oef;a&$.tqdt& aus;vufrS A[dk dk kf S k tqifxd zGivpconfh oifwef;rsK;d pkwif jynfci+f zKd ;vli,faygi;f (29)oef;ausmf wufa&mufchJ h hf S f hJ HG kd onf? ESppOf vli,f(2)oef;ausmukd avhusioif=um;ay;cJonf? 2006-2007 ckEprsm; f f hf h Sf 136 twGi;f Yyif jynfci+f zdK;toif;0if vli,faygi;f (3.1)oef;ausmukd avhusiay;cJonf? kd f hf h ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK; ac: jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@+H zdK;a&;toif; kd f k kd kd f onf twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk ypfrSwfxm;I EdkifiHa&;t=urf;zufr_rsm; usL;vGef&ef pepfwus }uKd wifjyifqifconfukd awG@&onf? 2003 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv 31 &uf ae@pyg jynfcif hJ S JG kd +zdK;toif;. awmifOuUvmypDrcsuwif twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;. rdom;pkrsm;twGi;f H fG kf 47 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; pdw0rf;uGjJ ym;vmap&ef tm;enf;csursm;udk azmfxwaqmif&ujf cif;/ twdutcHtzG@J 0ifrsm; f f kf G kf udk wkevyacsmufjcm;apI trsm;.,k=H unfav;pm;r_ r&&Satmifaqmif&ujf cif;ESihf tzG@J 0if f _f d G tjzpfrS E_wxuapatmifaqmif&ujf cif; pojzifh jynfci+f zdK;toif;. aumufusp,wrm fGf G kd fkf onfh acsre;f a&;enf;AsL[mrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? tqd;k &Gm;qk;H rSm twdutcHygwrsm; _ kf D txl;ojzifh NLD ygw. rnfonfvy&m;r_rsm;udrqdk tiftm;ok;H I xdywu&ifqif ajz&Si;f D h _fS k f kd f kd 137 cdi;f onf@ enf;vrf;rsm;yif jzpfonf? k xd@k jyif 2005 ckEp/f {+yDvwGivnf; jynfci+f zdK;A[du NLD tzG@J csKyfukd +zdKcG&ef enf; S f kd k J AsL[mopfrsm; a&;qGcsrwconf? xdenf;AsL[mopfrsm;wGif NLD tzG@J csKyf acgi;f aqmifrsm; J S f hJ k ESiywfoufI yk*Kd~ vfa&;wducuxm;onfh pmrsm;udk wpfEiiv;Hk twdi;f twmESihf jzef@a0&ef/ hf k f kd f kd f H k NLD rS xkwy,fcxm;&aom tzG@J 0ifa[mif;rsm;udvnf; tzG@J csKy&;rsm;a&S@wif oGm;a&muf+y; fH k f Hk G D tzG@J csKyf0iftjzpf jyefvnfvufcay;&eftwGuf qENjyawmif;qdci;f +y;D ,if;awmif;qdaeaom H k kd k ykrsm;udk pepfwus rSwwrf;wif AD',&uu;l I owif;*sme,frsm;wGif ykrexnfoi;f azmfjy&ef H f G D kd dk f HSf h G 138 ponfh enf;AsL[mrsm; yg0ifonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf Ediia&;t=urf;zufrrsm; usL;vGe&ef vkyyicitm%mrsm; dk kfH _ f f kd f G hf tjynft0 &&Sxm;onf? aus;&Gmrsm;ESihf +rKd @e,frsm;. vH+k cKH a&;ESihf xde;f odr;f }u;D =uyfa&;qdi&m h d kf vkyief;rsm;wGivnf; jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm; wpxufwp yg0ifywfoufvmcJ+h y;D twdutcH f f kd kf tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf 'Drua&pDa&;axmufcvy&m;olrsm;udk axmufvr;f apmif=h unfI t dk H _fS S h xufo@kd owif;ay;yd@k onfh Informer tvkyrsm;udyg vkyaqmifvmcJonf? xd@k jyif w&m;Oya' f k f h rJh owfjzwfr/_ zrf;qD;r_rsm;wGivnf; yg0ifywfoufvmcJonfukd awG@&onf? tusK;d quf t f h aejzihf toif;0ifvi,frsm;t=um; vlruqefqef vl&rf;um;tjyKtr_rsm; ay:ayguvmcJh l kd f f onf? xd@k jyif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;taejzifvnf; EdiitwGi;f vGwvyfpm oGm;vmcGi@f &I kd h kfH f G twdutcHtzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf ppftpd;k &udqef@usionfh omrefjynforsm;udk w&m;vufrhJ t=urf; kf k f l zuf+cr;f ajcmufrrsm; ydIusL;vGevmcJonf? Tod@k jyKrvy&m;r_rsm;a=umifh jynfovxtwGi;f d _ k fh _ _fS llk pdw0rf;uGjJ ym;r_rsm; jzpfay:vmcJonftjyif tqd;k &Gm;qk;H aom vlrsK;d a&;/ bmoma&; yÉdyuQ f hh rsm;ESihf t=urf;zufwucurrsm; ay:ayguvma&;qDo@kd OD;wnfvmapcJonf? txl;ojzifh kd f dk f _ f h jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf wenf;tm;jzifh ppftm%mydirsm;omjzpfonftwGuf EdiitwGi;f kd kf h kfH ay:ayguonfh rnfonfjh y\emtwGurqdk ppftpd;k &tm%mydirsm;Yom wm0ef&onf? f f kf Sd 2003 ckepf/ arv 30 &ufae@wif jzpfym;cJaom 'Dy,if;t=urf;zufronf jrefrm G Gh J _ Ediiwif ppfwyftycsKyonfumvtwGi;f 1988 vlxta&;awmfy+Hk y;D v#if 'kw,tqd;k &Gm;qk;H kfH G kf f h k d aom Ediia&;t=urf;zufr}_ u;D jzpfonf? pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;xGuvmaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf kfH f S NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm; pD;eif;vduygvmonf,mOfwef;tm; 'Dy,if;+rdK@teD;w0duwif jynfci+f zdK; kf h J kfG kd tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESi@f tpd;k &opPmcHrsm;u pepfwus }udKwifppOfI t=urf;zufwucucjhJ cif;jzpf D dk f kd f 48 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk onf? wwd,ajrmuf Ediia&;t=urf;zufronf2007 ckEp/f =o*kwvESihf pufwifbmvrsm; kfH _ S f wGif jzpfym;cJonfh +ir;f csr;f pGm qENjyaeom &[ef;&Sivjl ynforsm;udk ppfwyf/ vkxe;f / jynfci+f zKd ; Gh d f l Hd kd ESihf pGr;f tm;&Siqorsm;u &ufpufpmt=urf;zuf+zKd cGi;f cJjh cif; jzpfonf? ,if;t=urf;zufrwif f kd l G _G +ir;f csr;f pGmqENjyaeaom &[ef;awmfrsm;tygt0if jynfovxk &mESicsIaoqk;H cJ+h y;D axmif d ll hf D aygi;f rsm;pGm zrf;qD;jcif;cHc&onf? od@k aomfvnf; ppftpd;k &u aoqk;H olta&twGuEihf zrf;qD; hJ fS cH&onfh ta&twGuw@kd ukd wdwusus razmfjycJay? f d h qufvufI jynfo@l ppfrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;rSwqifh zG@J pnf;yH/k vH+k cKH a&;wyfz@JG rsm; dk twGi;f &Sd jynfci+f zKd ;.tcef;u¾/ jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;rS bmoma&;t=urf;zufrrsm; jzpfym; dk dk _ G vmap&efv@H_ aqmfr/_ Ediia&;t=urf;zufwucurrsm;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;ta=umif;udk quf kfH dk f kd f _ f vufazmfjyygrnf? pG r f ; tm;&S i f r sm; pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;ESiywfoufI tenf;i,f wifjyvdonf? pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J onf f hf k f jynfci+f zdK;toif;uJo@kd ppftm%m&Sipepfoufq;kd &Snap&eftwGuf Ediia&;vuf&;Hk tjzpf kd h f f kfH &nfrecsuxm;+y;D pepfwus w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;xm;onfh tzG@J wpfcr[kway? jrefrmjynfwi;f &Sd Sf f k f G qif;&Jom;jynforsm;twGuf vlra&;vkyief;rsm;udk aqmif&uay;aeaom vlra&;toif; l _ f Gf _ (od@k r[kw) tpd;k &r[kwaomtzG@J tpnf; (tife*st)vnf; r[kway? ppftpd;k &rS vdtyf f f f D kd f k onftcsewif tca=u;aiGay;I ac:,ltok;H jyKonfh vlwpfpom jzpfonf? “pGrtm;&Si” h df G k f f qdonfh pum;vk;H udk tm%mydirsm;u2000-2001 ckEprsm;rSpI omrefpwif ok;H pGvmcJh k kf Sf J aomfvnf; txl;ojzifh 2003 ckEp/f arv 30 &ufwif jzpfym;cJaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf S G Gh S trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm;udk t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufcJhonfh 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ t+y;D wGif tm%mydirsm;u ydI wGiwius,us,f ok;H pGvmcJonfukd awG@&onf? owif;t kf k f Gf f Jh axmuftxm;wcsK@d t& pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J rsm;onf 1997 ta&;tcif;rsm;uwnf;u yg0if f ywfoufca=umif; avhvmawG@&&onf?139 od@k aomfvnf; tm%mydirsm;taejzifh pGr;f tm;&Sif hJ dS kf tzG@J wnf&jdS cif;. &nf&,csuEihf t"dyg` ,ukd jynfovxtm; &Si;f rjycJay? G f fS f llk h 2006 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmv (2)&ufae@wif &efue+f rdK@Y usi;f yjyKvkyconf etz Sk G k f hJ ppftpd;k &. owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ (7§2006)wGif *s*sowif;XmerS owif;axmufwpfO;D u DD pGr;f tm;&Si.t"dyg` ,ukd &Si;f jyay;&ef ar;jref;cJonf? xdtcg &JcsKyfcif&u “pGr;f tm;&SiqwhJ f f h k D f kd t"dyg` ,usawmh usaemfw@kd wki;f jynfrm jynfojl ynfom;awG[m wdi;f jynf&@J pGr;f tm;jzpfyg f d S k w,f? wdi;f jynf&@J tm;yJjzpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd u wdi;f jynf&@J ta&;t&mudpawG k k P tm;vk;H udk ajz&Si;f wJtcgrm tJ'pr;f tm;awG tJ'jD ynfoawG&@J tm;awGukd ,l+yD;awmh tok;H h S DG l cs+yD;awmh usaemfw@kd aqmif&u&wm jzpfygw,f? tcku|eawmfw@kd vuf&aqmif&uaewJh Gf f Sd Gf 49 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;/ &yf&mat;csr;f om,ma&; pwJh vkyief;t&yf&yfukd aqmif&uwtcgrm G f G f hJ S rD;owfw@kd / =uufajceDw@kd / &,uwd@k / ponfjzifh tJ'y*Kd~ vawG[m vpm &dumwjym;wcsyrr& Dk f Q fS bJe@J oD;jcm;apwemtav#muf ulnay;aewJh pGr;f tm;rsm;jzpfwtwGua=umifh 'Dy*Kd~ vrsm;udk D hJ f kf pGr;f tm;&Siv@kd Ediiawmfu pmvH;k a&G;cs,owfrw+f y;D awmh *k%jf yKac:a0: jcif; jzpfygw,f”[k f kfH f S 140 &Si;f jyoGm;cJonfukd awG@&onf? h pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J wif rD;owf/ =uufajceDEihf &,utzG@J 0ifrsm;omru oufqi&m f G S kd f r,u/ &,utzG@J 0ifa[mif;rsm;/ jynfci+f zdK;toif;rS trmcHvufa&G;pifrsm;/ axmifxuf kd G rsm;/ vlq;kd vlruf rSwwrf;0ifrsm;/ csa&mif;olrsm;/ t&ufye;f a&mif;olrsm;/ avmif;upm;'diuif kd f J k k f kd olrsm;/ Zdrcef; axmifpm;olrsm;ESihf vlayvlawrsm;vnf; yg0ifonfukd awG@&&onf? ‚if;wd@k ukd f dS ppftpd;k &u ta&;ay: vdtyfonftcseusrom tca=u;aiGay;I ac:,lpaqmif;+y;D !$e=f um; k h df S k avh&onf? txl;ojzifh oufqi&m+rKd @e,f jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;ESihf +rKd @e,fr,utm%m dS kd f kd kf ydirsm;u pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J rsm;udk wdu&uwm0ef,}l uD;=uyfonfukd awG@&&+yD; ‚if;wd@k xrf; kf f k f kd f dS aqmif&rnfh vkyief;wm0efrsm;tvduf wm0efrsm;ay;tyfum txuftm%myditqifqifh f k kf h udk tpD&ifcpm wifjy&onf? H pGr;f tm;&Sirsm; taumiftxnfazmfaqmifonfh vkyiefrsm;onf ppftpd;k &udk qef@ f f usionfh jynforsm;tygt0if Ediia&;orm;rsm;udk +cdr;f ajcmufjcif;/ Ediia&;v_y&m;r_trsK;d f l kfH kfH fS rsK;d udk [ef@wm;aESmuf,ujf cif;/ tiftm;ok;H t=urf;zufwucujf cif;ESihf t=urf;zuf zrf;qD; S kd f kd jcif;rsm; jzpfonf? Ediia&;v_y&m;olrsm;udk apmif=h unfowif;yd@k jcif;/ wefjyef qENjyjcif;/ ppf kfH fS h axmufvr;f a&;ESihf &Jaxmufvr;f a&;rsm;u v#K@d 0uapcdi;f onhf tzsutarSmifvyief;rsm;udk S S Sf k f h kf vnf; vkyaqmif=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf 2003 ar(30) 'Dy,if;vlowfy/JG 2007 ckEp/f =o*kwf f J S ESihf pufwbFmv qENjyyGrsm;wGif pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;onf tm%mydirsm;. wm0efay;cdi;f apcsuf J f kf k t& Ediia&;v_y&m;olrsm;/ jynfovxEihf &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf &duEuf kfH fS l l kS k fS owfjzwfjcif;rsm;/ t=urf;zufzrf;qD;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyconfukd awG@&onf? f hJ pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;twGuf ukeuspm&dwrsm;udk oufqi&mwdi;f ESijhf ynfe,f jynfci+f zKd ; f f f kd f k kd tzG@J 0ifrsm;. txl;&HyaiGrS usco;kH pGonf[k ,lq&onf? 2007 =o*kw/f pufwbFmvrsm; kH HJ twGi;f &efuewi;f wGif jzpfym;cJonfh oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf ausmif;om;rsm; OD;aqmifonfh k f kd Gh qENjyyGrsm;udk t=urf;zuf +zdKcG&eftwGuf toH;k jyKcJonfh pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;twGuf wpfywfpm J J h f toH;k pm&dwtjzpf usyoe;f (100) owfrw+f y;D &efue+f rKd @awmf0ef AdvrLS ;csKyf atmifoe;f vif; f fd S k kf d (jynfci+f zdK;A[dtvkytr_aqmif aumfrwD0if/ &efuewi;f wm0efc)u xkway;cJonf?141 kd k f k f kd H fh txl;ojzifh xdta&;tcif;umvt+yD;wGif pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;onf tm%mydirsm;. !$e=f um; k f kf csut& ppftpd;k &tm; qef@usionfvy&m;r_rsm;udk apmif=h unfowif;yd@k &ef wpfae@v#if f f h _fS h usyaiG (2000) rS (3000)txd &onftjyif tao;pm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;udvnf; vkyf f h f k 50 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk aqmifcihf &&Sonf? pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;onf vufzuf&nfqirsm;/ um;*dwrsm;ESihf qduum; Gd f kd f f kf *dwrsm;wGixiI vlrsm;udapmif=h unfum rouFmp&mawG@&v#if txufo@kd owif;ay;yd@k & f f kd f k h dS onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyuivorsm;twGuf +rKd @v,fae&mrsm;wGif uGr;f ,mqdirsm;/ vufzuf&nf f kd f kd l kf qdiEihf rke@f qirsm; zGivpEi&ef tm%mydirsm;u ajrae&mrsm;pDpOfay;+y;D vlxukd apmif=h unfh kfS kd f hf S f kd f kf k 142 I owif;yd@k onfvyief;rsm;udk vkyaqmifci;f cJonf? h kf f kd h ,if;od@k jzihf ppftm%mydirsm;onf +rdK@v,f{&d,mrsm;wGif tpd;k &tm; qef@usif kf onf[,q&onfh rnfonfvy&m;r_rsm;udrqdk ‚if;wd@k u,pm; toGitrsK;d rsK;d jzifh apmih=f unfh kl h _fS k kd f f owif;yd@k &eftwGuf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;tm; enf;trsKd ;rsK;d jzihf pnf;&k;H odr;f oGi;f cJonf? aemufyi;f f h kd umvrsm;wGif tm%mydirsm;. aiGa=u;axmufyrrsm; &yfqi;f oGm;onfuwa=umif;/ t kf hH _ kd a&mif;t0,frsm; enf;ygvmonfuwa=umif;/ +rKd @v,f{&d,mrsm;wGif tm%mydirsm;u pDpOf kf ay;xm;aom aps;qdii,frsm; enf;yg;vmum pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;. tpd;k &qef@usiorsm;tay: kf f fl 143 apmif=h unfowif;yd@k onfh vkyief;rsm;onfvnf; wjznf;jznf; enf;yg;vmcJonf? Ttcsuf h f h rsm;udk avhvm=unfjh cif;tm;jzifh ppftpd;k &u pnf;&k;H odr;f oGi;f xm;aom pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;onf f Ediia&;ya,m*rsm;rygyJ ‚if;wd@k . pm;0wfaea&; t=uyftwnf;rsm;a=umifh tm%mydirsm; kfH kf . apcdi;f csursm;udk vkyaqmifae&onfrm odomxif&m;ayonf? od@k aomfvnf; EdiitwGi;f k f f S S kfH vk+H cKH a&;ESihf axmufvr;f a&;udprsm;wGif ppftpd;k &u w&m;0ifz@JG pnf;xm;onfh jynfci+f zKd ; rsm; S P kd . tcef;u¾u qufvuf ta&;ygaecJonf? pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;. t=urf;zufvy&m;r_rsm;udk h f _fS vnf; oufqi&mtcef;rsm;wGif qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf? kd f jynf o l @ ppf r sm;/ vH k + cH K a&;wyf z G J @ rsm; ppftm%m&Siacgi;f aqmif jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif; em,u}uD; f kd f AdvcsKyfrLS ;}u;D oef;a&$u jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk wyfrawmfEitwl tjrvufw+JG y;D wdi;f jynfEihf kf kd S hf J k S vlrsK;d tusKd ;pD;yGm;udk umuG,apmifa&Smufaeonfh wpfcwnf;aom trsKd ;om;a&;tiftm; f h k pkjzpfonf[k cs;D usL;ajymqdc+hJ y;D oifwef;om;rsm;udk ppfa&;jy/ ppfenf;AsL[mrsm;ESifh vufeuf k udioifwef;rsm; yd@k csay;rnf[k xkwazmfajymqdconf?144 2002 ckepfwivnf; AdvcsKyrLS ;}u;D kf f k hJ Gf kf f oef;a&$. !$e=f um;csujf zifh “jynfo@l ppfr[mAsL[m vufawG@toH;k csvufp” [k acgi;f pOfay; JG xm;aom pmapmifrsm;udk xkwa0cJonf? xdvufppmapmifwif jyifyrS usL;ausm0ifa&mufr_ fh k JG G f jzpfym;ygu vlxxrS jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm; a&G;cs,oifwef;ay;I jynfo@l ppfrsm;tjzpf G kJ kd f zG@J pnf;&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf?145 1997 ckEp/f Zlviv tapmydi;f umvwGif jynfci+f zKd ;em,utzG@J 0if 'kA,csKyrLS ;}u;D S kd f k kd kd f f armifat;onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;tm; ‘trsK;d om;umuG,a&;t&Hwyfz@JG ’[k &nf!e;f ajym dk f $ 146 qdc+hJ yD; jynfci+f zdK;toif;. jynfwi;f vH+k cHKa&;tcef;u¾tm; todtrSwjf yKcJonf? k kd G h 51 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; jynfyusL;ausmrrsm;udk ckcumuG,&ef[k ta=umif;jyum jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm; f_ H f kd tm; avwyfEia&wyfqi&moifwef;rsm;tygt0if tajccHppfoifwef;rsm;udk yd@k csay;cJonf? S hf kd f h xd@k jyif jynfo@l ppfrsm;udvnf; Ediiw0Sr;f zG@J pnf;cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm; k kfH h dk ESihf &Gmol&mom;rsm;udk tajccHppfynmrsm; oif=um;ay;+y;D jynfo@l ppfrsm;zG@J pnf;&ef cGijhf yKxm; G jcif;jzifh EdiitwGi;f Y ay:ayguvmrnfh rnfonfqyvy&m;r_rsK;d udrqdk ‚if;wd@k taejzihf wduf kfH f h ll _fS k k &duf 0ifa&mufuiw,jf cif;rjyK&yJ jynfotcsi;f tcsi;f xdywu&ifqif tiftm;oH;k t=urf; k kd f G l f kd f kd zufapjcif;jzifh vG,upmESrEi;f Edirnf[k tm%mydirsm;u ,lqcJonf? tjcm;wpfbufwif f lG dfS kf kf h G um; jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf &Gmol&mom;rsm;udk tajccHppfoifwef;rsm; wpxufwp wk;d jrihf kd G S ay;aejcif;onf jrefrmEdiitwGi;f wnf+idra&;xuf ydrq;kd &Gm;aom t=urf;zufrrsm;qDo@kd kfH f k kd _ ydI OD;wnfvmapcJonf? jynfo@l ppfrsm;udk jynfwi;f twdutcH Ediia&;tiftm;pkrsm;tm; k h G kf kfH t=urf;zuf +zKd ci;f &eftwGuomruyJ wki;f &if;om;vufeufuityprsm;udk wducuacsre;f G f d kd f k f k k f kd f _ &mwGivnf; tok;H jyKconf? Oyrmtm;jzifh wdi;f &if;om;vufeufuitzG@J rsm;jzpfonfh tufpf f hJ k kd f tufpat/ autife,w@kd Eihf wduyrsm;jzpfym;ygu tqdygjynfo@l ppfrsm;udk t&Hwyfz@JG rsm; f f l S k f JG G k 147 tjzpf tok;H jyKcJonf? h jrefrmppftm%mydirsm;onf Zlviv 21 &ufae@ukd jynfy&efumuG,a&; jynfo@l kf dk f f ppfrsm; pwifavhusia&;ae@tjzpf owfrwc+hJ y;D wpfEiiv;Hk twdi;f twmtaejzifh jynfo@l ppf hf Sf kd f H k oifwef;rsm;udk yd@k csconf? tqdyg ppfoifwef;rsm;od@k jynfci+f zKd ;/ jynfovx/k 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf hJ k kd ll ppfwyf/ &Jwyf rdom;pktodi;f t0ki;f rsm;ygrusef rwufrae& wufa&muf=u&onf? txl; k d ojzifh Toifwef;rsm;udk ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;/ pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J Eihf +rKd@e,f kd f k kd f S 148 tm%mydirsm;u }uD;=uyfconf? kf hJ 2007 ckEp/f rwfvydi;f wGif umuG,a&;0ef}u;D Xmevufatmuf &efuewi;f ppfXme S k f k f kd csKyfe,fajrtwGi;f &dS ajcvsiwyf&if;wyfz@JG rsm;rS &Jabmfrsm;. ZeD;rsm;ESircol touf (18)ESpf f hf DS kd jynf+h yD;oltm;vk;H ppfwyftwGi;f ppfoifwef; rwufrae& wuf=u&onf? oifwef;rsm;wGif vufeufi,f jzKwjf cif;/ wyfjcif;/ wduc|wjf cif; ocFe;f pmrsm;tygt0if wducua&;ESihf ppfa&;jy kf k f kd f 149 ocFe;f pmrsm;udk oif=um;=u&onf? tvm;wl &Sr;f jynfe,ftwGi;f Yvnf; ta&S@ajrmuf wki;f ppfXmecsKyfvufatmufcH wyf&if;wyfz@JG rsm;tvduf rdom;pktraxmifonfrsm;ESifh om; d k df orD;rsm;udk umuG,a&;t&H tiftm;pktjzpf pepfwusz@JG pnf;+y;D vufeufu,pjD zifh ppfoif f kd f 150 wef;rsm; avhusiay;cJonf? hf h 2003 ckEp/f atmufwbmvwGivnf; &efuewi;f / tvk+H rKd @e,fwif puf&0efxrf; S kd f k f kd G Hk rsm;udk jynfo@l ppfoifwef;rsm; wufa&mufci;f cJonf? &yfuuaygi;f pkH yg0ifonfh oifwef;om; kd h Gf 200 twGuf oifwef;ae&m 5 ae&mudk trSwf (4) opfpuf0ef;ESihf txu (4)tygt0if tjcm;pmoifausmif; 3 ckY jyKvkyconf? xkoifwef;zGiytcrf;tem;wGif tcrf;tem;rSL;u f hJ d hf JG 52 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk rdrEiiukd usL;ausmwucuvmv#if jyefvnfwucuEiatmif oifwef;ay;&jcif;jzpf d kd f H f kd f kd f kd f kd f kd f a=umif;/ jynforsm;udk vufeufxway;oifv#if xkway;&rnfjzpfa=umif; ajymqdconf?151 l kf h f k hJ tvm;wlpm 2007 ckEp/f =o*kwvESihf atmufwbmvrsm;wGivnf; &efuewi;f G S f kd f k f kd +rKd @e,ftcsK@d wif jynforsm;udk tajccHppfoifwef;rsm;ESihf t"du&k%;f ESreif;a&; oifwef;rsm;udk G l df tokwvucI yd@k csay;cJonf? atmufwbmvtwGi;f Y r*Fvmawmif!e@f +rKd @e,fwif a'o f kd f JG h kd $ G cHjynfo(120)cef@ukd tajccHppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf? oifwef;wufa&muforsm;udk w&uf l hJ l v#if (3000)usyay;rnf[k tm%mydirsm;u uwday;cJ+h yD; trsm;pkonf qif;&Jom;rsm;ESihf f kf tvkyvufrrsm; jzpf=uonf? jynforsm;onf qENrygyJ pm;0wfaea&; tcuftcJrsm;a=umifh f hJ l wufa&mufcjhJ cif;jzpfa=umif; ay:vGic+hJ y;D ,if;ppfoifwef;rsm; jyKvkyaejcif;tay: +rKd @cjH ynfol f f 152 rsm;uvnf; apm'uwufc=hJ uonf? rGejf ynfe,f&dS armfv+rKd i/f rk'Eihf oHjzLZ&yf+rKd @e,frsm;wGif jynfovxtm; tvm;wl Hk S llk ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf? 2004 ckEpwif rGejf ynfe,f&dS jynfci+f zdK;toif;tm; jynfci+f zdK; hJ Sf G kd kd wyfrL;wpfO;D / aus;&Gmat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG+H zdK;a&;aumifpOuUXrsm;rS acgi;f aqmifEpO;D / S D Sf jynfci+f zdK; vlxqufqa&;t&m&SEpO;D ESihf tiftm;q,fO;D pD yg0ifonfh wyfpywpfcpukd dk k H dSf df kD }u;D =uyf&aom wyfpyrLS ; 10OD; yg0ifonfh jynfo@l ppfwyf&if;wpfck zG@J pnf;&ef trde@f ay;cJonf? df h oifwef;om;tm;vH;k onf ud,a&;&mZ0ifEiywfoufonfh tcsuf (22)csuyg ykpwpfcukd kf S hf f HH k 153 jznf pu&onf? xd@k jyif 2007 ckEp/f rwfvtwGi;f Y &efuewi;f / ta&S@yi;f c&dif cr& (656) hG f S k f kd kd k v#yppftif*sie,mwyf wyfe,frLS ;u 2007 ckEponf ta&;ygaomumvjzpfI ppftpd;k &udk f fD Sf qef@usiuefuuonfh v_y&m;r_rsm;jzpfay:vmv#if ESreif;&ef ta&S@yi;f c&ditwGi;f &Sd +rdK@e,f f hGf fS df kd k f rsm;rS wpf&yfuuv#if jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J rS (15)OD;/ &yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&; Gf kd Gf aumifptzG@J 0ifrsm;jzpfonfh &mtdrrL;/ q,ftrrL;rsm;rS (15)OD;/ pkpaygi;f (30)OD;us yg0if D fS dfS k 154 rnf@ v#K@d 0utzG@J wpfcukd zG@J pnf;xm;&ef !$e=f um;cJonf? Sf k h 2003 ckepfwif rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm; ppfwyfrS tajccH G kd ppfoifwef; ay;aea=umif;udk tpD&ifcpmwpfcY azmfjycJonf? touf(18)ESprS (40)ESpf H k h f twGi;f trsKd ;om;rsm;tm; +rdK@e,fat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifptzG@J 0ifrsm;u T D tajccHppfoifwef;rsm; wufa&muf&ef pnf;¶H;k pkaqmif;cJonf? &Gmom;rsm;udk rwufrae& h qifac:cJ+h y;D oifwef;.&nf&,csuuvnf; &Si;f vif;ajymqdcjhJ cif; r&Say? &Gmwpf&mv#if vltif h G f f kd k d G tm;(1000)eD;yg;cef@ukd tajccHppfoifwef; wufa&muf&ef apcki;f cJonf? &Gmom;trsm;pkonf dh Tppfoifwef;rsm;udk wufa&muf&ef qENr&SonftwGua=umifh oifwef;tm; a&Smif&m;Edif dh f Sk &ef enf;vrf;rsm; &Sm}uc=hJ uonf? od@k aomf wufa&muf&efysuuuygu tm%mydirsm;tm; H fGf kf 155 aiGusyf (10000)rS (20000)txd ay;aqmif=u&onf? tvm;wlpGm csif;jynfe,fwGifvnf; a'ocHcsif;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk jynfckdif+zdK; 53 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tm%mykirsm;. rwufrae&trde@f jzihf tajccHppfoifwef;rsm;udk ESppOfusi;f ycJonf? 2006 df f h ckEp/f =o*kwvwGif csi;f jynfe,fawmifyi;f / rwly+D rKd @wif aus;&Gm(10)&GmrS a'ocH&mom; (200) S f kd G G ausmcef@ukd tm%mydirsm;u rwufrae&trde@f jzihf tajccHppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf? wuf f kf hJ a&muf&ef ysuuuygu jyif;xefpm tjypfay;ta&;,lrnf[k tm%mydirsm;u trde@f xwchJ fGf G kf kf onf? qd;k &Gm;onftcsurm oifwef;om;rsm;twGuf pm;eyf&umrsm;udk tdraxmifpk (1)pk h fS dQ f v#if qef(2)uDvEihf usyaiG(1000)udk pm;0wfaea&; =uyfwnf;onf=h um;u wpfywfv#if kd S f (1) }udrf axmufyay;&onf?156 hH 2007 ckEpf arvtwGi;f ppfui;f wdi;f / rk&mc&dif t&mawmf+rdK@e,fwif wpf&mv#if S kd k H G k G G wpfa,mufEe;f rwufrae& ppfoifwef;wuf&ef tm%mydirsm;u trde@f xwconf? oif _ kf k f hJ wef;om;rsm;twGuf pm;p&dwtygt0if taxGaxGueuspm;&dwrsm;twGuf wpftraxmif f kf f df v#if 1000 usyf aumufcconf? wcsewnf;Yyif rE av;wdi;f / rdwvm/ rv_i/f ompnf/ H hJ df W k Dˆ d 0rf;wGi;f &Sd +rKd @rsm;wGivnf; jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifvi,frsm;udk ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf?157 2003 f dk l hJ ckEp/f ZlvivtwGi;f rauG;wdi;f Yvnf; &JEihf ppfwyfrom;pk0ifrsm;udk rwufrae& ppfoif S d_ f k S d wef;ay;&ef !$e=f um;cJ+h y;D jynfo@l ppfoifwef;twGuf wpf&yfuuv#if vl(30)OD; pkaqmif;ay;&ef Gf 158 jynfci+f zdK; +rdK@e,ftm%mydirsm;u !$e=f um;cJonf? kd kf h xd@k jyif 2005 ckEp/f rwfvtwGi;f yJc;l wdi;f / jzL;+rdK@e,fwif +rdK@e,fv;Hk u|wf jynfo@l S k G ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf? xdtcseu +rdK@e,ftwGi;f &Sd vli,frsm;udk jynfo@l ppfoifwef; hJ k df rwufrae& trde@f jzifh a'ocHtajcpduppfwyf cr& 306 wyf&if;rS OD;aqmifI jyKvkyconf? kf f hJ wufa&muf&ef ysuuuorsm;udk '%faiG&urnf[k tm%mydirsm;u !$e=f um;cJonf? fGfl kd f kf h oifwef;rsm;onf tenf;qk;Hk wpfywfcef@=umjrifaoma=umifh ud,yivyief;&Sorsm;twGuf h k f kd f k f d l tcuftcJrsm; awG@c=hJ u&onf? tvm;wl yJc;l wdi;f wGif +rdK@e,faygi;f 28 +rdK@e,f&+dS yD; tjcm;+rdK@ k e,frsm;wGivnf; tvm;wl jynfo@l ppfoifwef;rsm; yd@k csconf?159 f hJ EdiitwGi;f Y jynfovxtm; enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh pnf;&k;H I jynfo@l ppfrsm; zG@J pnf; kfH llk aejcif;onf ppftm%m&Sirsm;. tusKd ;pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,ay;&ef jzpfonf? 2006 ckEp/f f f S =o*kwvY &cdijf ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd &rf;+AJ/ ausmufjzL/ rmefatmif+rKd@e,frsm;wGif taemufyi;f f k kd wdi;f rS 'kAvrLS ;}u;D armifarmifvif OD;pD;+y;D tkyptvduf a'ocHjynforsm;tm; jynfo@l ppftzG@J k kd f G fk k l rsm; zG@J pnf;ay;cJonf? txl;ojzifh &cdijf ynfe,fonf w&kwEiitygt0if EdiijH cm; ukr%D h k f kd f H kf ` trsm;tjym;rS a&eHEihf obm0"gwaiG@rsm; &SmazGaeaom t"duae&mwck jzpfonf? ppftpd;k S f &. 0ifaiG&&S&m ae&mjzpfaoma=umifh vk+H cKHa&;t& txl;ta&;}uD;onf? xd@k a=umifh jynf d wGi;f / jynfyrS ppftpd;k &qef@usia&;orm;rsm;u enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh tE &m,fay;vmrnfukd pd;k &drf f W ojzifh jynfovxtm; pnf;&k;H I jynfo@l ppfrsm; zG@J pnf;cJjh cif; jzpfonf?160 xd@k jyif 2005 ckEpf llk S umvwGi;f vnf; &ckiurf;vGeyifv,fjyifwif *wf(pf)wl;azmfa&;vkyief;rsm;udk umuG,apmifh df f G f f 54 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk a&Smuf&eftwGuf &cdijf ynfe,f/ ajryk+H rdK@e,ftwGi;f &Sd u|e;f om,mESihf eH@omu|e;f rsm;wGif ppf k pcef;rsm;udk tm%mydirsm;u tcditrm wd;k cs@J wnfaqmufconf? xd@k jyif aus;&Gmtvkuf kf kf hJ d jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J rsm;udvnf; zG@J pnf;ay;cJonf? tm%mydirsm;taejzihf Tod@k tiftm;wd;k cs@J kd k h kf aer_ udk yifv,fa&a=umif;vk+H cHKa&;twGu[k ta=umif;jycJonf?161 f h tvm;wlpm 200 ckEp/f azazmf0g&vtwGi;f 'kAvrLS ;}u;D armifarmifvif OD;pD;onfh G S D kd f G tzG@J onf b*Fvm;a'h&Eihf e,ferdwcsi;f qufpyfaeonfh armif;awmESihf bl;oD;awmif +rKd @e,f fS S f twGi;f &Sd aus;&Gmrsm;rS wpf&mv#if &Gmom; 30 OD;pD pkaqmif;I jynfo@l ppftzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;cJh G onf? xd+k rKd @e,frsm;twGi;f Y jynfotiftm; 1000 cef@yg0ifonfh jynfo@l ppftzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;&ef l pDpOfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif ,if;ta&twGuxrS 200 cef@ukd trmcHjynfo@l ppfrsm;tjzpf zG@J pnf; fJ &ef&nf&,c+hJ yD; 800 cef@ukd t&Hjynfo@l ppfrsm;tjzpf xm;&S&ef pDpOfconf?1622007 ckEp/f Gf d hJ S atmufwbmvtwGi;f Y armif;awm+rKd @e,fwif t"du&k%;f ESreif;a&;oifwef;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sif kd G df oifwef;[k trnfwyfxm;onfh oifwef;(2)ckuvnf; us;D uef;jyif&dS e,fpyf}u;D =uyfa&; A[dk kd aumfrwDXmecsKyfEihf oD&r*Fvmcef;rwGif jyKvkyconf? xdoifwef;rsm;wGif trsm;pkrm ppf S d f hJ k S tpd;k &vufuiwwf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;/ a'ocHrsm;ESihf tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if pkpaygi;f vlO;D kd f k f k a& (200)eD;yg;cef@ yg0ifconf? tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;udk twif;t"rR wufa&mufci;f cJ+h y;D rwuf hJ kd 163 a&mufygu tvkyrxwypfrnf[k tm%mydirsm;u +cdr;f ajcmufconf? fS k f kf hJ axmuf v S r f ; a&;ES i f h owif ; ay;rsm; axmufvr;f a&;vkyief;rsm;/ owif;ay;vkyief;rsm;/ vk+H cKH a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif S f f f f &efEihf txl;ojzifh twdutcHtzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; zrf;qD;&ef jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf ppfaxmuf S kf dk vSr;f a&;/ &J/ rD;owf tygt0if e,fjcm;apmifwyfz@JG rsm;ESihf r=umc% yl;aygi;f aqmif&uconf? h G f hJ jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if trsm;tjym;udvnf; axmufvr;f a&;ESihf owif;pkaqmif;a&; enf;ynmrsm; dk k S udk oif=umyd@k csay;cJonftjyif owif;pmoifwef;rsm;udvnf; oif=um;yd@k csay;cJonf? jynfcif hh k h kd +zdK;owif;pkaqmif;a&;wyfz@JG ukd jynfci+f zdK; A[dtvkytr_aqmifaumfrwD. twGi;f a&;rSL; kd k f tzGJ@0ifwpfOD;jzpfonfh qufoG,fa&;/ pmwdkufESifh a=u;eef;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyf ode;f aZmf u wm0efcuyuconf?164 rnfo@kd yifjzpfap owif;pkaqmif;a&;/ axmufvr;f a&;ESihf H G f J hJ S vH+k cKH a&;udp&yfrsm;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;.tcef;u¾onf Ediiwum P kd kfH pHEe;f rsm;ESihf udunrr&SbJ w&m;r#wpGm Oya'jyKEdia&;twGuf tE &,fwpf&yf jzpfconf? _ k f D_ d kf W hJ jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;onf ppfbufqkdif&mvkH+cHKa&;tzGJ@/ p okH;vkH;tzGJ@wdk@ESifhtwl axmufvr;f a&;wm0efrsm;udyg yl;wGwm0efxrf;aqmif&eftwGuf jynfo@l qufqa&;Xmeudk S k J H zG@J pnf; cJonf? atmufajctqifrS A[dtqiftxd jynfo@l qufqa&;XmexJwif axmuf h h k h H G vSr;f a&; XmecG[I tqifqifh zG@J pnf;xm;onf? jynfo@l qufqa&;[k trnfay;xm;onfh Jl h H 55 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tzG@J onf jynforsm;. ppftpd;k &tay: oabmxm;tajctae/ pm;0wfaea&;ESiywfoufI l hf &ifqiae &onftajctae/ ukeaps;E_e;f owif; ponfrsm;udk axmufvr;f +y;D ae@pOf txuf kd f h f S tqifhqifhudk tpD&ifcHwifjy&onf? ppftpdk;&. axmufvSrf;a&;Xmersm;wGif a,bl,s tm;jzifh vufeufuityprsm;ESihf vk+H cHKa&;qdi&m axmufvr;f a&;udprsm;udk ppfzufqi&m kd f k f k kf S P kd f vk+H cKH a&;tzG@J u aqmif&u+f y;D Ediia&;qdi&m/ 0efxrf;a&;&mESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdi&m axmufvr;f G kfH kf kf S a&;udprsm;udk p ok;H vk;H tzG@J uaqmif&uI jynfovxtwGi;f axmufvr;f a&;vkyief;rsm;udk P Gf llk S f jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif; (ac: ) jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J u aqmif&uconf?165 kd f kd G f hJ rGejf ynfe,f/ aygi+f rKd @e,f&/dS +rKd @e,f&wyfz@JG rS &Jt&m&SwpfO;D u 2002ckEp/f 'DZifbmv J d S wGif xkwa0onfh “0g'jzef@csa&;ppfybmom&yf”trnf&dS pmwrf;wpfcwif pdw"mwfppfqif f d JG kG f a&;ESihf 'Drua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;tm; xdywu&ifqiwucua&; enf;vrf;rsm;udk tao;pdwf kd f kd f kd f kd f kd f 166 xnfoi;f azmfjycJonf? 2000 ckEpwivnf; tvm;wl +rdK@e,f&wyfz@JG rS vufaxmuf&J hG h Sf Gf J t&m&SwpfO;D jzpfol usioe;f u jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; oifwef;wpfco@kd wufa&mufci;f d fd kd k kd cJonf? xdoifwef;onf pdw"gwppfqifa&;udk txl;tav;teufxm;+yD; ppfwyfEihf a'o h k ff S pnf;&k;H v_@aqmforsm;twGuf owif;ay;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&u&ef toif;0ifvi,frsm;udk H l Gf l 167 pkaqmif;xm;aom oifwef;jzpfonf? 2005 ckEp/f ZGevwGif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; jyifyurBmod@k owif;aygu=f um; S f kd r_ r&Sap&ef apmif=h uyf&rnf[k !$e=f um;csuwpfapmifxwjf yefI owday;cJonf? jynfyEdiiH d f k h kf rsm;rS owif;xkwjf yefrrsm;tm; pepfwusw@kH jyef&efEihf 0g'jzef@csa&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif&ef _ S D f f twGuf owif;ESijhf yef=um;a&;tzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;I xd@k !e=f um;csutm; taumiftxnfazmfchJ $ f onf?168 2007 ckEp/f {+yvydi;f wGivnf; &efuewi;f +rKd @e,frsm;&Sd &yfuursm;rS wpf&yfuuf S Dk f k f kd Gf G v#if (3)OD;E_e;f v#K@d 0ua&G;cs,I owif;yd@k / owif;,loifwef;ESihf vk+H cKa&;oifwef;rsm;udk yd@k cs&ef Sf f H jyifqifconf? hJ 2006 ckEp/f arvtapmydi;f Y jynfci+f zdK;twGuf owif;pmoifwef;rsm; usi;f ycJh S k kd onf? oifwef;zGiytcrf;tem;wGivnf; jynfci+f zKd ;wGbuftwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;aZmfrif;u enf; hf JG f dk J ynmuGm[r_ukd tcGiaumif;,l+y;D jynfwi;f a&;udk 0ifa&mufpuzufaeonfh jynfyrD',mrsm; hf G Gf D udk wefjyefwucu&mwGif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J u OD;pm;ay;vkyaqmifom;&rnf[k ajymqdchJ kd f kd f kd f G k 169 onf? xd@k jyif2006 ckEp/f atmufwbmv (24)ae@&uf/ t*F gae@xwf jrefrmhtvif;owif; S kd k pmwGif rD;&xm;0ef}uD;vnf;jzpf jynfci+f zdK;A[dtvkytr_aqmifvnf;jzpfol OD;atmifrif;u kd k f etzppftpd;k &ESihf ‚if;wd@k .tpDtpOfrsm;udk axmufyay;&efz@JG pnf;xm;onfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif; hH kd . 0g'jzef@csa&;vkyief; owif;ESijhf yef=um;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif xdxa&mufa&mufaqmif&uf d f f d G Edi&ef &nf&,+f y;D jynfci+f zKd ;toif;twGuf owif;pmoifwef;zGihf vSp&jcif;jzpfonf[k ajymqdchJ kf G kd f k 170 onf? jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk yd@k csaeaom owif;pmoifwef;rsm;onf jynfyrD',mrsm; kd D 56 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk udk wefjyefwucurnfh &nf&,csutjyif ppftm%m&Sipepf oufq;kd &Snapa&;twGuf kd f kd f Gf f f f &nf&,I vkyaqmifcaom oifwef;rsm;vnf; jzpfayonf? Gf f hJ axmufvr;f a&;t}u;D tuJ 'kAvcsKyf}u;D cif!e@f Eihf ‚if;.aemufvuf axmufvr;f S dk f $S kd S a&;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; jzKwfxwz,f&m;+yD;onfaemufyi;f wGif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf jyef kf S h kd kd vnftopfz@JG pnf;vduaom ppfaxmufvr;f a&;,E &m;rsm;wGif ydrkd yg0ifywfoufr&vmcJh kf S W k _ dS onf? jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k .qENtavsmuf yg0ifywfoufjcif;r[kwyJ jynf dk f cdi+f zKd ; tm%mydif ppftpd;k &. zdtm;rsm;ESihf rufv;Hk rsm;a=umifjh zpfonfukd avhvmawG@&&onf? k k dS om"utm;jzifh yJc;l wki;f twGi;f &Sd jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk ppfaxmufvr;f a&;uay; d kd S onfh oifwef;rsm;udk rwufrae&[k jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;u trde@f xwconf? xdo@kd kd kf k f hJ k jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk oifwef;rsm;wufci;f &mwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyief; vkyyiciygrpf/ &ifE;DS kd kd f f kd f G hf jrKyfEaiGrsm;ESihf &mxl;wd;k jrijhf cif;/ pojzifh rufv;Hk rsm;ay;cJonf? tzG@J 0ifrsm;taejzifh oifwef; HS S h rsm;udk wufa&muf&ef qENr&Saomfvnf; ‚if;wd@k . vk+H cKH a&;/ rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;rsm;ESihf c&D; d oGm;a&; vG,uacsmarG@apa&;twGuf wufa&mufc&onf[k qdonf? oifwef;rwufa&muf fl hJ k ygu toif;0iftjzpfrS armif;xkwc&jcif;/ pD;yGm;vkyief;rsm; vkyuicir&atmif enf;trsK;d fH f f kd f G hf rsK;d jzifh taESmuft,Suay;jcif;ESihf c&D;oGm;vma&;tcuftcJrsm; }uHKawG@&rnfjzpfonf?171 f jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;taejzifh tav;teufxm; wm0ef,xm;&aom tjcm;vkyf kd l ief;wpfcrm twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;tm; apmif=h unfI ‚if;wd@k rS vkyaqmifonfh rnfonfh kS kf h f v_y&m;r_rsK;d udrqdk +cr;f ajcmufjcif;ESihf taESmuft,Suay;jcif; vkyief;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh fS k d f f 'Dy,if;vlowfyaemufyi;f wGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0iftcsKd @Eihf a'ocHtm%mydirsm;onf NLD J JG dk dk S kf qki;f bkwrsm;udk vduvjH zKwfcsjcif;/ twdutcHtzG@J 0ifrsm;. aetdrrsm;udk {nfonf&onf d f kf kf f h dS jzpfap/ r&Sdonfjzpfap neufoef;acgiftcsdefwGif ykHrSef {nfhpm&if; vma&ufppfaq;jcif;/ taESmuft,Suay;jcif;rsm; ydrvyaqmifvmcJonf?1722002 ckEpwivnf; rGejf ynfe,f f k kd k f h Sf Gf twGi;f &Sd jynfci+f zKd ;tpnf;ta0;wpfcwif AkvcsKyf tke;f jrifu “NLD ygw. v_y&m;r_rsm;tm; kd kGdf h D fS teD;uyfavhvmapmif=h unf&ef/ od@k &mwGif rnfowpfO;D wpfa,mufurS tqdygvyaqmifcsuf h l kd k kf tm; rajym=um;&ef”ponfjh zifh wufa&mufvmaom jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; !$e=f um; dk 173 oGm;cJonf? h jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;udk twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;tm; apmih=f unfppfaq;&eft dk kf h wGuf toH;k jyK¶Homru/ tpd;k &tzG@J tpnf;rsm;. v_y&m;r_rsm;udk apmif=h unfavhvm&ef k fS h twGuvnf; toH;k jyKconf? 2005 ckEp/f 'DZifbmvwGif jyKvyaom jynfci+f zKd ; tpnf;ta0; f hJ S kf kd wpfcwif wufa&mufvmaom toif;0ifrsm;tm; “+rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd Xmeaygi;f pHrS 0efxrf;rsm; kG k tygt0if/ ppfwyfEihf &Jwyfz@JG w@kd . tajctaersm;udyg apmif=h unftuJcwfI XmecsKyfo@kd S k h 174 tpD&ifc&ef” tm%mydirsm;u !$e=f um;cJonf? H kf h 57 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; xd@k jyif jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf A[dacgi;f aqmifrsm;. !$e=f um;csut& r[kwr kd k f f rSevy}f uonfh owif;tpD&ifcpmrsm;udvnf; zefw;D vkyaqmif&onf? Oyrmtm;jzihf 2006 fk H H k f ckEp/f atmufwbmvydi;f u 88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;tzG@J rS rif;udEiEihf tjcm;ausmif; S kd k k kd f S om; 5 a,mufukd vky}f uHw&m;pGqEi&ef jyifqifconf? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u J kd kd f hJ jynfyaiGa=u;taxmuftyH@rsm;jzifh jynfwi;f Ediia&;wyfaygi;f pk}u;D wpf&yf zG@J pnf;&ef pDpOfae G kfH onfqonf@tcsuukd ay:vGiatmifa&;om;I owif;yd@k =u&ef jynfci+f zdK;wm0efcrsm;jzpf kd f f kd H aom 0ef}uD; OD;aomif;/ OD;atmifaomif;ESihf jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD; AdvrL;csKyfausmqef; wd@k u k fS f 175 ‚if;wd@k . jynfci+f zdK; axmufvr;f a&;owif;ay;rsm;udk !$e=f um;cJonf? kd S h pmoifausmif;rsm;wGivnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifq&m/ q&mrrsm;onf tm%m f kd ydirsm;. wm0efay;apcdi;f csut& owif;ay;rsm;tjzpf vkyaqmif&onf? Oyrmtm;jzihf kf k f f ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;t=um;wGif pnf;&k;H v_y&m;r_rsm;ESihf qlyrrsm; ay:ayguvmrnfukd fS l_ f pd;k &drojzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0if ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;u ‚if;wd@k wm0ef,&aom ausmif; f dk l ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;. tajctaersm;udk apmif=h unfI xl;jcm;aomv_y&m;r_ wpkw&m&Sygu h fS H d txufo@kd tpD&ifcwifjy&onf? ausmif;0ef;xJwif vufurf;pmapmifrsm;/ xkwjf yefaus H G nmcsursm;/ uAsmpmtkyrsm;ESihf pwpfumrsm;udk jzef@a0jcif;/ tm%mydirsm;udk qef@usionfh f f kf f aºu;G a=umforsm; od@k r[kwf oauFwtrSwtom;rsm; a&;om;xm;jcif;/ ae@x;l ae@&ufrsm;udk H f usi;f yjcif; pojzifh pDpOfvy&m;r_rsm;&Sygu jynfci+f zKd ;ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;u tm%mydif _fS d kd k 176 rsm;udk owif;yd@k &onf? vlom;rqefpGm t=urf;zuf&dkufESufr_rsm; ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf trnfemrtrsK;d rsK;d jzifh jrefrmEdiiwif kd f k kd kfH G jzpfym;cJaom t=urf;zufwucurrsm;wGif t"dutcef;u¾rS yg0ifywfoufconf? a'o Gh kd f kd f _ hJ cHrsm;ESihf toif;0ifrsm;udk toH;k jyKI twkutcHygw0ifrsm;ESihf +idr;f csr;f pGmqENjyolrsm;udk df D enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh t=urf;zufwucurrsm; vkyaqmifconf? txl;ojzifh NLD ygw0if dk f kd f _ f hJ D rsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k tm; axmufcaomolrsm;udk t"duypfrwxm; wducuconf? 1996 ckEp/f H Sf k f kd f hJ S Ed0ifbmv 9 &uf &efue+f rKd @ ukuKU i;f vrf;qkwif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf trsK;d om;'Drua&pD k k d HG S kd tzG@J csKyfacgi;f aqmifrsm;udk vlpva0;ESihf wducur/_ 2003 ckEp/f arv 30 wGif jzpfym;cJonfh kl k f kd f S Gh 'Dy,if;ta&;tcif;ESihf t*F gae@wi;f jyKvkyonfh a':atmifqefp=k unfEihf Ediia&;tusO;f J kd f S kfH om;rsm; vGwajrmufa&;twGuf 0wfjyKqawmif;yGrsm;wGif t=urf;zufr/_ pojzifh t=urf;zuf f k J wducurrsm;pGmwGif t"du yg0ifywfoufconf? 2007 ckEp/f =o*kwvESihf pufwifbmv k f kd f _ hJ S f rsm;wGif +idr;f csr;f pGmqENjycJaom &[ef;&Sivjl ynforsm;udk &ufpufpm acsre;f cJ&mwGivnf; h f l G _h f jynfci+f zdK;toif;taejzihf toGitrsK;d rsK;d jzifh yg0ifywfoufconfukd &Si;f vif;pGm awG@jrifc& kd f hJ hJ 58 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk onf? ppftpd;k &taejzihf ‚if;wd@k .qef@usibuf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf 'Drua& f kf kd pDa&; axmufctm;ay;olrsm;udk ESreif;&mwGif zrf;qD;axmifcs&jHk zifh vkavmufonf[k ,lq H df H [efr&SI t=urf;zufacsre;f aomenf;vrf;rsm;udk ydrtok;H jyKcJonfrm ,krm;oHo,&Sp&m d _ k kd h S HS d rvday? a,bl,stm;jzifh t=urf;zufwucurrsm;onf jynfci+f zKd ;xdyyi;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;rS k kd f kd f _ kd f kd atmufajcydi;f a'ocHjH ynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;xHo@kd wdu&u!e=f um;aom tpDtpOfrsm;udk k dk k f dk f $ pepfwus taumiftxnfazmfaqmifjcif;om jzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; ae&mtrsm;pkwif G jzpfym;aeaom t=urf;zufrrsm;onf txl;ojzifh jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifvi,frsm;udk tm%mydif G _ kd l k rsm;u vlruqefqef &rf;um;jyKr&ef cGijhf yKxm;r_. aemufqufwJG tusKd ;&vm'frsm; jzpfonf? kd f l xdvi,frsm;onf rdru,ukd a'ocHvxtay: =oZmtm%m&Sonf[k ,lqxm;+y;D jzpfay: kl d kd f lk d vmonfh t=urf;zufvy&yfrsm;twGuf tjypfr&d[k txifa&mufum pdw}f uD;0ifaeolrsm; kf S jzpfonf? xd@k jyif tm%mydirsm;u t=urf;zufrusL;vGeorsm;udk ta&;,laqmif&ujf cif;r&Sd kf _ fl G onftjyif ol&aumif;rsm;tjzpf qkrsm;ay;tyfjcif;/ &mxl;rsm;wd;k jriay;jcif; pojzifh rufv;Hk h J S hf rsm;ay;aejcif;onf r&Sqif;&Jom;rsm;/ avmb&rRuf om;aumifrsm;ESihf vl&rf;um;rsm;twGuf d t=urf;zufrrsm;udk ydrusL;vGe;f vmap&ef tcGiaumif;wpfck jzpfapcJh onf? _ k kd hf 2006 ckEp/f rwfvtwGi;f jzpfym;cJaom Ediia&;tusO;f om;a[mif; udoufEiO;D S Gh kfH k kd f towfc&r_onf Oyrmwpfck jzpfonf? ‚if;onf &efuewi;f / =unf@jrifwi+f rKd @e,fwif jynfcif H k f kd kd G kd +zKd ;toif;0ifvi,frsm;ESihf rD;owfwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;. &uf&ufpufpuf t=urf;zufwucujf cif;udk l kd f kd cHc&onf? t=urf;zuf&uEurwif yg0ifywfoufcorsm;udk wpfpw&m ta&;,ltjypfay; hJ dk f S f _ G hJ l Hk jcif; rjyKvkyonftjyif +rKd @e,f&tyrS ‚if;wd@k tm; usyaiG (2000) ausmay;I aué;arG;{!fcchJ fh J kf f f hH onf? xd@k jyif ,if;udpEiywfoufI rnfo@l urS rajymyg[k vufrwa&;xd;k cdi;f cJonf?177 P S hf kd Sf kh qd;k &Gm;onfrm tm%mydirsm;u &efuepnfyifom,mrS xkwa0onfh +rKd @awmfowif;pmrsm; S kf kf f wGif udoufEiO;D onf t𝔲l &rf;um;aeonftwGuf wm0efo&Eihf rD;owfwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;u k kd f h dJS 0di;f 0ef;xde;f odr;f &ef }uKd ;pm;cJa=umif;/ zrf;qD;rcHonftwGuf wm0efod qduum;orm;rsm;u k h h kf 0di;f 0ef;&duEuf zrf;qD;ay;cJjh cif;jzpfa=umif;udk rjzpfrae xnfoi;f azmfjyay;&ef !$e=f um;cJh k k fS hG 178 onf? Ediia&;tusO;f om;a[mif; udoufEiO;D . jzpfpOfukd avhvm=unfv#if t=urf;zuf kfH k kd f h wducuronf tm%mydirsm;u }uKd wifppOf+y;D pepfwus vky}f uowfjzwfconfrm xif&m; k f kd f _ kf D H hJ S S aeonf? wcsewnf;Yyif tm%mydirsm;. rif;rJp&duqefqef &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfrrsm;udk df kf hkf _ vnf; jrefrmjynforsm;ESihf urBmuodatmif rD;armif;xd;k jycJonf? l h jrefrmEdiiwif 'Drua&pD xGe;f um;a&;twGuf wpkurwfrwf vkyaqmifaeygonf k f H G kd df f [k ppftm%mydirsm;u jrefrmtodi;f t0di;f ESihf Ediiwumudk toHaumif;[pfaecJaomfvnf; kf k k kfH h wu,fvufawG@wif jrefrmEkiitwGi;f 'Drua&pDEihf vl@tcGita&; xGe;f um;vma&;twGuf h G dfH kd S hf 59 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; }udK;yrf;tm;xkwaeolrsm;tay: tm%mydirsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;ESihf f kf kd f k kd opPmcHrsm;udtok;H jyKI enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh t=urf;zufwucurrsm; jyKvkyconf? Oyrmtm; k kd f kd f _ f hJ jzihf 2007 ckEp/f {+yDvtwGi;f Y jrefrmEdiiwif vltcGita&;qdi&m ynmay;aqG;aEG;r_rsm; S kfH G hf kf jyKvkyay;aeonfh HRDP (ac: ) vl@tcGita&;umuG,jf rSiwiforsm;tzG@J rS tzG@J 0iftcsK@d ukd f hf hf l jynfci+f zdK; vl&rf;um;rsm;u t=urf;zuf wducuconf? &efuetajcpduf vl@tcGita&; kd k f kd f hJ kf k hf umuG,jf rSiwiforsm;tzG@J rS OD;jrifat;/ udarmifarmifav;/ udwifarmifO;D ESihf ud&i=f unf hf l h k k kS wd@k onf a'ocHtzG@J 0ifrsm;ESitwl [oFmw+rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd t*Fyaus;&GmESihf tkwyaus;&Gm hf kd f Hk rsm;rS a'ocHjynforsm;ESihf vl@tcGita&;qdi&maqG;aEG;yGrsm; jyKvky+f yD;tjyefwif tkwyHk l hf kf J G f aus;&Gmxdywif toifapmifaeaom [oFmw+rdK@e,fjynfci+f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;!$e@f O;D OD; fG h h kd aqmifonfh vl&rf;um; (100) ausmcef@u 0g;&if;wkwrsm;/ av;*Grsm;jzifh rif;rJp&duqefqef f f hkf t=urf;zufwucuconf? kd f kd f hJ vky}f uHrrjzpfym;rD wpf&uftvdwif &Jowif;txl;wyfz@JG rS &Jt&m&Sd aevif;pk;d / _ G kG 'k&tyf oef;xduEihf +rdK@e,fjynfci+f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL; OD;!$e@f O;D wd@k }udKwifa&muf&aecJ+h yD; Jk k fS kd dS vl@tcGita&; v_y&m;olrsm;tzG@J ukd &GmtxGuwif apmif}h uKd wucu&ef tao;pdwjf yifqifr_ hf fS fG kd f kd f rsm; jyKvkyconf? Ttjzpftysuonf tm%mydirsm;ESihf +rdK@e,fjynfci+f zdK;wd@k tpDtpOf f hJ f kf kd wus ylaygi;f }upnfaom vky}f urwckjzpf+y;D / ar (30)wGif jzpfym;cJaom 'Dy,if; vlowfyypEihf H H_ Gh J JG Hk H S wxyfwnf; jzpfaeonf? tm%mydirsm;onf t"dut=urf;zufusL;vGeorsm;udk ta&;,l kf fl tjypfay;jcif; rsm; jyKvkyrnftpm; t=urf;zuf&uEuc&olrsm;ESihf tultnDay;olrsm;udk fh dk f S f H yk'r(505§c) Ediiawmftm; t=unfnysuatmif vkyaqmifr/_ yk'r (505§*) vlpva0;ESihf f kfH dk f f f kl 179 qlyrj_ zpfatmif v_@H aqmfrrsm;jzifh jyefvnfw&m;pGjJ cif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? wpfcsewnf;Yyif l _ f hJ df ppftpd;k & tm%mydirsm;onf t=urf;zufusL;vGeorsm;udk aoG;xd;k ajrmufyifay;cJ+h y;D tvm; kf fl S h 180 wl t=urf;zufrrsm; xyfray:ayguvmatmif v_@H aqmfconf? _ H f hJ w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k onfh Ediiwi;f wGif jy\emrsm;/ rlcif;rsm;ay:ayguvmwdi;f ouf k f H kd f k qdi&mwm0ef&rsm;u pepfwusavhvmI udiw,ajz&Si;f avh&onf? w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k r_ Avm kf dS kf G f dS exWd rif;rJp&kuqefqefjzpfaeaom jrefrmEdiiwium; xdo@kd r[kway? Oya'onf jrefrmppf hdf kfH Gf k f tm%m&Sirsm;.txufwiomru ‚if;wd@k .vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;. f Gf kd f k kd f txufwivnf; &Saeayonf? jy\emwpfcay:ayguvmwdi;f oufqi&mwm0ef&orsm;u Gf d k f k kd f dS l udiw,ajz&Si;f &rnftpm; oufqirr&Saom jynfci+f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;u 0ifa&muf kf G f h kd f _ d kd f pGuzufae=uonf? vlxtm; tm%mjy&eftwGuf ta=umifr&Sta=umif;&SmI zrf;qD; f k d ESypufae=uonf? df 2007 ckEp/f rwfvwGif &efue+f rKd @e,f/ ajrmufOuUvmy&yfuu(2)/ &yfuuat;csr;f S k Gf Gf om,ma&;ESifh zG@+H zKd ;a&;aumifp(&,u)&k;H wGif tm%mydirsm;ESihf jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm; zrf;qD; D kf dk 60 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk ppfaq;I t=urf;zuf&uEurrsm;a=umifh edAmefvrf;wGiaexdiaom udEiO;D onf xd&,u kd f S f _ Š f kf k kd f k &k;H Yyif aoqk;H oGm;cJonf? xdaoqH;k r_ukd &yfuutm%mykirsm;u tat;rdzsm;emI aoqk;H cJh h k Gf df onf[k ta=umif;jycJonf? od@k aomfvnf; OD;acgi;f .b,fzufjcrf;wGif vuf!;dk cef@&dS t&kucH h df xm;&aom '%f&mtygt0if tjcm;jyif;xefaom'%f&mrsm;udk =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh tm%m ydirsm;. ta=umif;jycsuonf ,kwr&Sa=umif; oufaojycJonf?181 tr_reay:ayguvmrnf kf f dW d h Sf f udk pd;k &dronf@twGuf tavmif;udvnf; a'ocHtm%mydirsm;ESihf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u f k kf kd azsmufzsuonftaejzifh ‚if;rdbrsm;udk todray;bJ apmv#ipm o+F*Kd vfconf? xd@k jyif fh fG hJ tr_ukd trSetwdi;f oufaoxGuqay;rnfh ajrmufOuUvmy&yfuu(2)ae udausmausmEihf fk f kd Gf k f fS udaZmf0if; wd@k uvnf; tm%mydirsm;u vduvzrf;qD;&ef }uKd ;pm;cJonf?182 Ttcsursm;udk k kd kf kfH h f +cKH ik=H unfrnfqygu tm%mydirsm;. vufawG@vy&yfrsm;ESihf ajymqdcsursm;onf jy'g;wpf h kd kf kf kf vrf; oHwpfvrf;jzpfae+yD; &d;k om;r_r&SyJ udEiO;D . aoqk;H r_onf jynfci+f zdK; tm%mydirsm;. d k kd f kd kf rw&m; &duEura=umifjh zpfonfqonfrm ydIxif&m;aeonf? k fS f_ kd Sk S 2006 ckEp/f ZGevwGif &efuewi;f / =unfjh rifwi+f rdK@e,f td;k bdvrf; 12 &yfuuwif S f k f kd kd k GfG c0gvyief;jzifh toufarG;0rf;a=umif;jyKaeaom rcifrmvGif udk =unfjh rifwi+f rdK@e,f &Jpcef; kf kd rS pcef;rSL; aersK;d u olrt0wfav#may;aeonftrwif ypPn;f aysmufq;Hk r_jzifh zrf;qD;cJ+h yD; f h df G rw&m; !Si;f yef;ESypufconf? olrudk tcef;ydw+f yD rw&m;!Si;f yef;ESypufconftwGuf df hJ df hJ h em;pnfu+JG y;D wud,v;Hk wGif '%f&mtnktrJrsm; &&Sconf? xdr#ru tm%mydirsm;u rcif kf d d hJ k kf rmvGiukd rzG,r&myif jyKrqufqconf? aemufq;Hk wGif tjypfr&Sre;f odI tdro@kd jyefy@kd ay;cJ+h y;D f f _ H hJ dS f +rKd @e,fpcef;rSL;/ jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J Eihf trsK;d orD;a&;&mtzG@J rsm;u avsma=u;aiGay;I E_wyw&ef kd S f fd f 183 }uKd ;pm;cJonf? h jynfci+f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;u usL;vGeonfh tjcm;aom t=urf;zufwucur_ kd f f kd f kd f rsm;vnf; &Sao;onf? 2007 ckEp/f rwfvtwGi;f Yvnf; yJc;l wki;f / jynf+rdK@ pnfawmfr*Fvm d S d &yfuuwif aexdionfh vli,fwpfO;D udk ppftpd;k &u tcGita&;ay;xm;onfh pGr;f tm;&Sif GfG kf hf tzG@J rsm;u tm%mjyI 0di;f 0ef;xd;k }uwconf? xdvi,fukd rl;,pf&rf;um;onfqonfh pGcsuf k d f hJ kl kd J jzifh rw&m;axmifcsconf? tvm;wlpm rauG;+rdK@/ atmifaZ,sm&yfuuwif aexdif onfh hJ G GfG k jynfowpfO;D udvnf; rl;,pf&rf;um;onfqonfh ta=umif;jycsujf zifh oufqi&m wm0ef&ol l k kd kd f dS rsm;u ajz&Si;f &rnftpm; pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;u ‚if;wd@k EiroufqiyJ 0ifa&muf xd;k }udwchJ h f S hf kd f f 184 onf? twdutcHtzG@J 0ifrsm;onfvnf; ppftpd;k &vufuiwwrsm;. &rf;um;wducur_ kf kd f k f k f kd f rsm;udk cHae&onf? 2005 ckEp/f =o*kwvwGif NLD ygw0ifwpfO;D jzpfol udausmp;kd tm; prf; S f D k f acsmif;+rdK@e,fwif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if oH;k OD;rS wkwjf zifh 0ki;f 0ef;¶duEuconf? xdo@kd ¶duEuf G kd d k f S f hJ k k fS wducura=umifh udausmp;kd . em;pnfwpfzuf aygu+f yom;cJ+h y;D toHtm&ka=um xdcuysup;D k f kd f _ k f JG H kd f f 61 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; oGm;cJonf? ¶duEuwucuorsm;tm; &Jpcef;od@k zrf;qD;yd@k aqmifcaomfvnf; jynfci+f zdK; h k f S f kd f kd f l hJ kd acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D ESihf tpd;k &owif;ay;wpfO;D rS &Jtm;vmbfay;cJojzifh pGcsurwifbJ jyefvwf h Jf $ 185 ay;cJonf? h tvm;wlpm NLD ygw0ifwpfO;D jzpfol udoef@ZifrsKd ;onf jynfci+f zKd ; toif;0ifrsm; G D k dk ESihf rD;owfwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;rS tcsetawmf=um taESmuft,Suay;aejcif;udk cHc&oljzpfonf? df f hJ 2005 ckEp/f =o*kwvwGif ‚if;.aetdrteD;w0kuwif a,mifayayvkyaeaom vlpr;f wpfO;D S f f dfG f d tm; zrf;qD;I e,fajrcH&pcef;od@k yd@k aqmifc&m xdvpr;f rSm rD;owfwyfz@JG 0if owif;ay;wpfO;D J hJ k ld jzpfaeonf? xdupjP zpfym;+yD;aemuf udoef@ZifrsKd ;rSm jynfci+f zdK;ESihf rD;owfwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;. kd G k kd 0di;f 0ef;¶duEujf cif;udk cHc&onf?186 k k fS hJ 2007 ckEpf ZGevtwGi;f Y a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf Ediia&;tusO;f om;vGwajrmuf Sf S kfH f a&;twGuf 0wfjyKqkawmif;+yD;jyefvmaom rwW&m+rdK@e,f jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;vS,f Gf kd f ODoef;vGiEihf tzG@J ukd jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J rsm;u [ef@wm;aESmuf,uconf? xd@k jyif ppftpd;k &opPmcH fS kd S f hJ vl&rf;um;wpfO;D u oHvufo;D pGy+f yD; OD;oef;vGi. rsuEmudk jyif;xefpm 0ifa&mufx;kd ESuchJ f fS G f 187 onf? OD;oef;vGionf aq;&kwif aq;ukor_ cH,c&onf? twdutcHtzG@J rsm;udk ppftpd;k & f HG l hJ kf vufuiwwrsm;u &rf;um;wduf cduaESmuf,uaer_rsm;udk oufqi&mtcef;rsm;wGif quf kd f k f k kf Sf kd f vufazmfjyoGm;rnf? jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if vl&rf;um;rsm;onf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;ygrusef w&m; kd vufrhJ t=urf;zufwucurrsm;udk usL;vGeconf? 2004 ckEp/f =o*kwvwGif yJc;l wdi;f jynf kd f kd f _ f hJ S f k wuUovf "gwaA'yxrESpf ausmif;om;wpfO;D jzpfol armif&Eiukd +rdK@e,fjynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if kd k J kd f kd rsm;u jynf+rKd @ a'ge+c&yfuu&dS ,kZeabmf'gaqmifo@kd tjyefwif ta=umif;rJh rw&m;&duEuchJ H Gf G k fS f 188 onf? xd@k twl 2004 ckEpwif jynfwuUovrS ausmif;om;ESpO;D tm; jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if Sf G kd f f dk 189 vl&rf;um;wpfprS wducucojzifh aq;¶Hwufa&mufI aq;ukor_ cH,c&onf? &ckijf ynf k k f kd f hJ k l Jh d e,frS tpPvmrfbmom0if ausmif;om;wpfO;D jzpfol &m&Sp'[,f (Rashid Duhal)udvnf;2005 fl k ckEp/f =o*kwvwGif vl&rf;um;wpfprS 0ki;f 0ef; ¶duEuconf? xdv&rf;um;rsm;rSm jynfci+f zKd ; S f kd k f S f hJ kl dk toif;0ifrsm;jzpfonf[k ,H=k unf&a=umif;ESihf Ak'bmom0ifrsm;ESihf tpPvmrfbmom0ifrsm; < t=um; yÉdyuQrsm;jzpfym;ap&ef xdausmif;om;tm; wducuconf[k ,lq&a=umif; rsujf rif G k k f kd f hJ oufaowpfO;D rS xkwazmfajymqkconf? &m&Sp'[,fonf t¶duEuc&+y;D oH;k &uft=umwGif f d hJ fl k fS fH 190 &&Sconf'%f&mrsm;jzifyif aoqH;k cJonf? d hJ h h jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf t=urf;zufwucurrsm;tjyif ‚if;wd@k yg0ifywfouf dk kd f kd f _ cJaom udp&yfrsm;twGuf w&m;Oya'&ifqi&jcif; od@k r[kwf tjypfay;cH&jcif;rsm;rS vGw+f ir;f h P kd f d csr;f omcGihf &&dae=uonf? w&m;Oya'udk vufwpfv;Hk =um; vkyaqmifae=uonf? xd@k a=umifh S f tjcm;olrsm;twGuf xdcuepfemaponft&mrsm;onf ‚if;twGuf ta&;r}uD;bJ tao; dk f h 62 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk tr$m;udpwckr#om jzpfaeonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf um;wdura=umifh jyif;xefpm '%f&m&&Scol P k f_ G d hJ wpfO;D tm; xdum;wdurusL;vGeaom a'ocHjynfci+f zKd ;twGi;f a&;rSL;u w&m;pGqjkd cif; rjyKap k k f_ f kd J 191 G k f k kd f &ef +cr;f ajcmufconf? tvm;wlpm jy\emwckcay:ayguvmwdi;f oufqi&m wm0ef&dS d f hJ yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u Oya'vrf;a=umif;t& wm0ef,ajz&Si;f &rnftpm; wm0efyi;f t& oufqir_ l h kd kd f r&Sonfh jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J rsm;/ pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;u yg0ifywfoufaeonfuvnf; awG@&onf? d kd f kd 2007 ckEpf {+yDvtwGi;f Y rE av;+rKd@/ atmifajromZH&yfuuwif aexdiaom touf S W GfG kf (24)ESpt&G,f vli,fwpfO;D udk qdiu,fvrf; ajymif;jyefarmif;cJonftwGuf ,mOfpnf;urf; f kf hh Oya't& ta&;,laqmif&u&rnftpm; jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u rif;rJqefqef &kuEuchJ Gf h kd h d fS f onf? xd@k a=umifh xdvi,fonf '%f&mjyif;xefpm&&S+d yD; aq;&kwuf ukor_c,c&onf?192 kl G H H l hJ bmoma&;yÉd bmoma&;y Éd y uQ r sm; ay:ayguf v matmif zef w D ; vk y f a qmif j cif ; jrefrmjynfonf bmoma&;vGwvyfcihf tvGeenf;yg;+yD; uef@owfcsKyfcs,rrsm; f G f f_ aom Ediiwpfcjk zpfonf? jynfci+f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp=k uH@cia&;ESiz@G +H zdK;a&;toif;onf kfH kd dk f hf jrefrmjynftwGi;f &Sd rwlujJG ym;aom bmoma&;tkyprsm;twGi;f txl;ojzifh c&pf,mefbm fk om0ifrsm;ESihf tpPvmvrfbmom0ifrsm;tm; taESmuft,Suay;jcif;/ +cdr;f ajcmufjcif;rsm; f ydrjkd yKvkyvmcJonf? EdiitwGi;f bmoma&;yÉdyuQrsm;jzpfay:vmatmif Ak'bmom0ifrsm; k fh kfH < ESihf tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;t=um; ay:ayguvmEdionfh rke;f wD;r_rsm;udk tcGiaumif;,l tok;H cs f kf hf aeonf? EdiitwGi;f bmoma&;yÉdyuQrsm; jzpfay:vmygu ppftpd;k &omv#if wdi;f jynfwnf kfH k +irat;csr;f atmif xde;f odr;f Ekionfqonfta=umif;jycsujf zifh ppfwyftm%mwnfjratmif df df kd h J zefw;D vkyaqmifconf? tpPvmrfbmom0ifrsm;onf t=urf;zufrrsm; jzpfym;vmatmif f hJ _ G v_@H aqmforsm;[k ppftpd;k &. t"duypfrwxm;jcif;cH&aom tkypjk zpfonf? l Sf f 2005 ckepfwif jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf NLD tzG@J 0if tpPvmrfrsm;tm; t"duypfrwf G dk S xm;I NLD ygwtm; taESmift,Suay;rnfh AsL[mwpf&yftm; pwiftaumiftxnf D h f azmfconf? tqdygtpDtpOfrm tpPvmrfbmom0if NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; tzG@J 0iftjzpfrS hJ k S E_wxuay;&ef awmif;qdxm;aom pm&Gupmwrf;rsm;udk NLD ygwrS jzef@a0onf[k ,Hrm; fGf k f D kS oHo,&Satmif vkyaqmif&ef/ ‚if;wd@k taejzifh E_wxuay;&ef jiif;qefonftcg ‚if;wd@k d f fGf h ydiqiaom ypPn;f OpPmrsm;udk zsuq;D jcif;/ vdtyfv#if tajctaerwnfr+idrjf zpfatmif k f kd f f k t"du&k%;f rsm; zefw;D +y;D jzpfay:vmonfjh y\emrsm;udk ta=umif;jyKI NLD ygwtm; tjypf D ykcs&efw@kd jzpfonf?193 H ppftpd;k &vufuiwwrsm;onf EdiitwGi;f bmoma&;yÉdyuQrsm; ay:ayguvm kd f k f kfH f ap&ef&nf&,csujf zifh tpPvmrfbmoma&;ESihf oufqiaomae&mrsm;udk zsuq;D cJonf? Gf kd f fh om"utm;jzihf 2001 ckEp/f rwfvwGif &cdijf ynfe,f/ ausmufjzLc&di&dS rGwqvif bk&m;⪼kd S k kf f d 63 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; ausmif; (4)ckukd oHCmtwkrsm;/ cv& (34)rS ppfom;rsm;tygt0if jynfci+f zdK; tzG@J 0if kd 500 eD;yg;cef@u rGwqvifqef@usia&; a=u;G a=umforsm; atmf[pfI zsuq;D cJonf?194 2003 f f H fh ckEp/f Zefe0g&vtwGi;f Y jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf ppfui;f +rdK@&dS tpPvmrf bmom0ifrsm; S D kd kd aexkiaom aus;&Gmwpfctm; rD;¶_@d zsuq;D onf? xd@k jyif tpPvmrfbmom0if ausmif;om; df k f (32)a,muftm; zrf;qD;ac:aqmifom;cJonf? tdrajc (42)vH;k / AvDwpfcEihf tjcm; bmom Gh f kS 195 a&;taqmufttkwpfckvnf; rD;¶_@d zsuq;D jcif;cHc&onf? xd@k jyif 2005 ckEp/f ZGevwGif H f hJ S f jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;. !$e=f um;csujf zifh rE av;wdi;f twGi;f &Sd [dELbk&m;⪼kd ausmif; dk W k N d wpfcukd rD;¶_@d zsuq;D cJonf? Tbk&m;ausmif;onf a'ocH&mol/ &Gmom;rsm;u ‚if;wd@k ud,yif k fh G k f kd aiGa=u;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom bmoma&;taqmuftOD;wpfck jzpfonf?196 a&$ 0 ga&mif a wmf v S e f a &; EdiiwpfEii. pD;yGm;a&;zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufronf Ediia&;wnf+idrrEihf aumif;rGeaom kfH kd f H _ kfH f_S f pD;yGm;a&;pDrcef@cray:wGif rsm;pGmr_wnfaeonf? 1962 ckEpf AdvcsKyfae0if; OD;aqmifonfh H JG _ S kf ppfwyfutm%modr;f cJcserpI jrefrmEdii.pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeonf wjznf;jznf;+yKd vvm hdfS kfH J um jynforsm;taejzihf ae@pOfpm;0wfaea&;twGuf tajccHvtyfcsuf jynfr&efyif cufcJ l kd h SD vmcJonf? jrefrmEdiiwif obm0o,HZmw =u,0aomfjim;vnf; qif;&Jrawr_rsm; zdp;D aecJh h kfH G Gf JG onf? wcseu aumif;rGew;kd wufaeaom jrefrmEdii.pD;yGm;a&;onf ppftm%m&Sif vufw df f kfH qkypmwd@k . rSm;,Gi;f aompDrcef@crrsm;a=umifh vnf;aumif;/ tawmrowf rsm;jym;vSaom f H JG _ vmbfay;vmbf,rrsm;a=umifh vnf;aumif;/ aqGrsK;d aumif;pm;a&;pdw"gwrsm;a=umifh vnf; l_ ff aumif;/ rsm;jym;vSaom ppftok;H pm;&dwrsm;a=umifh vnf;aumif; q,fpEprsm;twGi;f ,dk f kSf ,Gi;f ysup;D vmcJonf? jynfovxrsm;taejzihf t"rRvytm;ay; apcdi;f r_rsm;/ pnf;pepfr&Sd f h llk kf k aom tcGersm;aumufcr/_ aiG!prrsm;/ t"rRajymif;a&$@rrsm;ESihf ajr,modr;f qnf;r_rsm; tyg f H Sf_ _ t0if vl@tcGita&; csK;d azmufrrsm;a=umifh ‚if;wd@k .ae@pOfb0rsm;rSm vGepmrSyif cufcJ hf _ fG 197 =uyfwnf;vmcJonf? pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_rsm;tygt0if taxGaxG rGe;f =uyfrrsm;a=umifh h _ jzpfay:vmonfh jynfwi;f r+irroufrrsm;udvnf; ppftm%mydirsm;u tjyKoabmtm;jzifh G df _ k kf enf;rSevrf;rSeajz&Si;f ay;&ef r}uKd ;pm;cJay? qd;k &Gm;onfrm jynfwi;f r+irroufrrsm; ay:ayguf f f h S G df _ vmwdi;f jrefrmhtwdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf jynfyEdiirsm;udom vuf!;dk xd;k tjypfycsavh&dS k kf kfH k Hk +y;D +ir;f csr;f pGm qENjyawmif;qdaeonfh &[ef;&Sivjl ynforsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf t=urf;zuf d k f l +zdKcGi;f cJonf? h 2007 ckEp/f =o*kwvESihf pufwifbmvrsm;wGif ppftpd;k &. avmifpmqDaps;E_e;f S f rsm; tqrwefw;kd jrifrrsm;a=umifh avmifpmqDaps;E_e;f usqif;a&; +ir;f csr;f pGmqENjyyGrsm; jrefrm h_ d J Ediiwpf0r;f vk;H wGif jzpfym;cJonf? xdvxqENjyyG}J u;D onf 88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif kfH S Gh klk 64 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk rsm; tygt0if jynfovxtiftm; 'gZifEicsI +ircsr;f pGmqENjycJ&mrS wjznf;jznf; }u;D xGm; llk S hf D d f h vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf? ppftm%mydirsm;onf qENjyyGi,frsm; tiftm;}uD;xGm;rvmatmif kf J pGr;f tm;&SiEihf &J vufeufuirsm;udtok;H jyKI v_y&m;r_rsm;tm;vk;H udk tiftm;ok;H +zKd ci;f apcJh fS kd f k fS G onf? TvlxqENazmfxwyrsm;wGif &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;onf a&S@q;Hk rS OD;aqmifyg0ifc=hJ u k k f JG onf? &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;onf a&S;umvrsm;uyif Ediiwi;f &Sd Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&; udp&yf kfH G kfH P rsm;wGif jynfovxEitwl yg0ifywfoufconfom"ursm; &Sconf? jrefrmEdii. udveD l l k S hf hJ h d hJ k f H k kd qef@usia&;v_y&m;r_ordi;f rsm;wGif oHCmawmfrsm;u wpdwwydi;f tm;jzifh OD;aqmifpwifc=hJ u f fS k fk onf? xd@k jyif etztm%mydirsm;u qENazmfxwc=hJ uonfh oHCmawmftyg;(300)cef@ukd kf kf twif;t=uyf oCFe;f rsm;c|wvI zrfq;D axmifcsconfh 1988 'Drua&pDta&;awmfy}Hk uD; fJ hJ kd wGivnf; oHCmawmfrsm;. yg0ifyufoufrrsm;udk txift&Sm; awG@jrifc&onf?198 f _ hJ 2007 ckEp/f pufwifbmv 5 &ufae@wif yckuL+rdK@rS arwWmyd@k qkawmif;I +idr;f csr;f S G U pGm qENazmfxwcaom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk ppftm%mydirsm;. vufuiwwrsm;jzpf k f hJ kf kd f k f onfh ppfwyf/ jynfci+f zKd ;ESihf pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J rsm;u }uKd ;uGi;f jzifh zrf;qD;jcif;/ "gwwiwif }uKd ;jzifh kd f f kd f G wkwI yg;&dujf cif;/ ajcaxmufjzihuefjcif; ponfvy&yfrsm;tjyif oHCmawmfwpfyg; ysvef f k f h kf HG 199 awmfronftxd jyif;xefpm t=urf;zuf &duEuconf? TuJo@kd oHCmawmfrsm;tay: _ G k f S f hJ h ,kwrm&di;f pdi;f onfh vky&yfrsm;onf jrefrmEdiiw0Sr;f &Sd &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tygt0if Ak'< fkk f kfH bmomudk ,k=H unfav;pm; tm;ud;k tm;xm;jyKaeaom jrefrmjynfovxtm; a'gorD;rsm; llk awmufavmifapcJonf? xd@k jyif qENjyawmif;qdrrsm;onfvnf; omref avmifpmqDaps;E_e;f h k_ usqif;a&; awmif;qdrronf t}uD;rm;qk;H aom Ediia&;ESiqiaom awmif;qdrrsm;qDo@kd k_S kfH hf kd f k_ toGiajymif;oGm;cJonf? f h 2007 ckEp/f pufwifbmv 9 &ufae@wif topfz@JG pnf;vduaom jrefrmEdiiv;Hk S G kf kfH qdi&m oHCmhwyfaygi;f pkrS ppftm%mydirsm;xH tcsu(4)csuygaom awmif;qdcsuwpfcukd kf kf f f kfk xkwjf yefconf? xdawmif;qdcsuxwif (1) etzppftpd;k &rS oHCmawmfrsm;udk ajy+idr;f cGihf hJ k k fJG vGwonftxd 0efcsawmif;yefay;&ef/ (2) vuf&jdS rifwufaeaom ukeaps;E_e;f / qef/ qD aps;E_e;f f h f rsm; csucsi;f av#mcsay;&ef/ (3) a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if Ediia&;tusO;f om;tm;vk;H f h kfH ESihf qENjyyGrsm;wGif zrf;qD;cHxm;&olrsm;udk csucsi;f jyefvway;&ef/ (4) vlx. tcuftcJ J f $f k t=uyftwnf;rsm;udk ajz&Si;f &eftwGuf etzppftpd;k &rS 'Drua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf awG@qHk kd aqG;aEG;+yD; trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&; csujf cif;jyKvkyay;&efw@kd jzpfonf? Ttcsuf (4) f csuyg awmif;qdcsursm;udk ppftm%mydirsm;taejzifh pufwifbmv 17 &ufae@ (ppfwyfrS f kf kf tm%modr;f ,lconfh pufwifbmv 18 &ufae@rwdir) aemufq;Hk xm;I aqmif&uay;&ef hJ kfD Gf awmif;qdc+hJ y;D owfrw&uftwGi;f vduavsmaqmif&urrjyKygu jrefrmEkiiv;Hk qdi&m oHCmh k Sf kf G f_ dfH kf wyfaygi;f pktzG@J }uD;rS OD;aqmifI etzppftm%mydirsm;tm; ywWeÁZeuHaqmif oydwf kf d 65 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; arSmufom;rnf[k today;ausnmcJonf?200 G h od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmppftm%mydirsm;taejzihf oHCmawmfrsm;. awmif;qdcsuf kf k rsm;udk wpkw&mwke@f jyefr_ rjyKcJonftjyif qENjyyGrsm; xyfray:ayguvmygu +zdKcGEreif;&ef H h J H f J dS f twGuf oufqi&mtm%mydirsm;udk wyfve@f conf? oHCmawmfrsm;. awmif;qdcsuf (4) kd f kf S hJ k &yf xkwjf yefonfae@Yyif etzjynfxa&;0ef}uD; AdvcsKyfarmifO;D u vlxqENjyyGJ +zdKcGa&; h J kf k J vrf;!$er0g'udk jrefrmEdii&wyfz@JG tygt0if jynfxa&;0ef}uD;Xmeatmuf&dS wdi;f at;csr;f fl kfHJ J k om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (w,u)/ jynfe,fat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@+H zdK;a&;aumifpD (y,u)ESi/hf +rKd@e,fat;csr;f om,ma&;ESifh zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (r,u) twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;udk today;!$e=f um;cJonf? xd+k zKd cGa&;vrf;!$er0g'wGif oHCmxkukd oHCmxkjzif/h tvkyorm; h J fl f rsm;udk tvky&irsm;jzif/h ausmif;om;rsm;udk q&m/rdbrsm;jzifh xde;f odr;f &efyg&+dS yD; tu,fI fSf xde;f odr;f Ir&yJ tajctae ydq;kd vmygu pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;udk xda&mufpmtok;H csEia&; pDpOf k f G kd f 201 aqmif&uxm;&ef !$e=f um;cJonf? Gf h wcsewnf;Yyif jynfci+f zKd ;em,u ppftm%mydirsm;onf qENjyyGrsm;jzpfay:vmyg df kd kf J u pDpOfxm;onhtwdi;f jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;udk tok;H cs&ef t"du&k%;f fk kd f ESreif;a&;oifwef;rsm;udk EdiiEit0Sr;f pepfwus qufwuy@kd csconf? oifwef;wGif t"d df k f H S hf kd f hJ u&k%;f jzpfym;aecsetwGi;f vlpcenf;/ um;ay:qGwifenf;/ vl&uenf;/ csKyfuienf; pojzifh G df k JG J dk f kd f 202 jynfci+f zKd ;A[du OD;pD;I oif=um;yd@k csay;cJonf? vlxqENjyyGrsm;udk t=urf;zuf ESyuy&ef kd k h k J df Gf usbrf;tvkyorm;rsm;/ tvkyvufrrsm;udvnf; wpfae@v#if usyaiG 2000 rS 2500 txd f f hJ k f ay;urf;cJonftjyif tjcm;pm;eyf&umrsm;udyg axmufyI tok;H csconf?203 tm%mydif hh dQ k hH hJ k rsm;taejzifh vlxqENazmfxwyrsm;udk ‚if;wd@k u,wif wdu&uf t=urf;zuf+zdKcGi;f r_rsm; k k f JG kd f kd k f kd &Scovdk qENjyolrsm;udk wdu&uzrf;qD;ESyuyjf cif;r[kwyJ vufuiwwrsm;jzpfonf@ jynfcif d hJ k f kd f df G f kd f k f kd +zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;udtok;H jyKI jynfotcsi;f csi;f &ke;f &if;qefcwf cdu&efjzpfym;onfypH f k l kf G h Hk zefw;D +yD;rS 0ifa&mufzrf;qD;r_rsm;vnf; &Sconf? d hJ pufwifbmvtwGi;f &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;OD;aqmifonfh qENjyv_y&m;r_rsm; fS onf wpfjynfv;Hk od@k jyef@E@HS vmcJ&m pufwifbm (17)&ufrS (30)&uftxd wdi;f ESijhf ynfe,f (17)ck h k 204 wGif qENjyyGaygi;f (349)}udrf jzpfym;cJonf? TqENjyyGrsm;udk ppfwyf/ vkxe;f &J/ ppftpd;k & J Gh J Hd vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;u vlom;rqefpm t=urf;zufwucuconf? kd f k kd f G kd f kd f hJ pkpaygi;f vlO;D a& 3000 rS 4000 t=um; zrf;qD;ppfaq;jcif;cHc&onf? zrf;qD;r_trsm;pkukd k hJ Oya'taxmuftuljyKtzG@J tpnf;rsm;r[kwonfh ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;ESihf f kd f k dk pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J rsm;u t"duaqmif&uconf? &[ef;awmfrsm;tygt0if jynfovxk (31) f G f hJ ll 205 OD; aoqk;H cJ+h yD;/ (74)OD; aysmufq;Hk cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; jrefrmppftpd;k &ur_ pufwifbm h ta&;tcif;umvtwGi;f aoqk;H olta&twGuf (10)OD;ESihf zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f cJonfh ta& h 66 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk twGuf (1927)OD;om xkwazmfajymqdconf?206 f k hJ =o*kw/f pufwifbm ta&;tcif;umvtwGi;f ESihf aemufyi;f umvrsm;wGif ppft kd pd;k &u tm;ay;tm;ajrmufvyaeaom jynfci+f zKd ;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;. vky&yfrsm;udk avhvm kf kd f f =unf@v#if pufqyz,&m awG@jrif&onf? pufwifbmv 26 &ufae@ noef;acgi,tcsewif kfG f f H df G ppfwyf/ jynfci+f zKd ;ESihf pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J rsm;onf awmifOuUvmy+rKd @e,f&dS aiG=um,H bke;f awmf kd f }uD;ausmif;udk 0ifa&mufp;D eif;+yD; ausmif;wduuzsuq;D cJonftjyif oHCmawmfrsm;udyg k f kd f h h k 207 &duEuzrf;qD;oGm;cJonf? aiG=um,H ausmif;wduf t=urf;zufrwif t"duyg0ifconfh k fS f h k _G hJ pGr;f tm;&Siacgi;f aqmiftcsK@d rm trnfemrtm;jzifh awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f trSwf (12) f S &yfuu&dS OD;vSxe;f 208 ESihf r&ef;uke;f +rdK@e,fwif aexdiol bd;k pl;(c)=unfjh rifwi(c)ode;f aZmf Gf G G kf kd f wd@k jzpfonf? bd;k pl;onf aiG=um,Hausmif;wduf 0ifa&mufp;D eif;r_wif xdyq;Hk u yg0ifconf? k G f hJ bke;f }u;D rsm;udk &ufpufpm t=urf;zufwucuc+hJ y;D bke;f }u;D ausmif;&Sd aowWmrsm;xJrS bke;f }u;D G kd f kd f ausmif;ynma&;udprsm;twGuf &nfp;l vSL'ge;f xm;onfh usyaiG ode;f (20)cef@uyg ,laqmif P f kd 209 oGm;cJonf? h xd@k jyif Ed0ifbmvtwGi;f &efuewi;f / '*ke+f rdK@opfta&S@yi;f atmif"rRygv bke;f k k f kd kd awmf}uD;ausmif;udk tiftm; 100 ausmcef@&dS jynfci+f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J rsm; 0ifa&mufp;D f kd f eif;+yD; bke;f awmf}uD;wpfyg;udk twif;t"rR &duEuzrf;qD; ac:aqmifom;cJonf? xdr#ru k fS f Gh k bke;f }u;D ausmif;&Sd aowWmaomhukd zsuq;D +y;D uxdeytwGuf &nfp;l vufcxm;onfh tvSLaiG f f JG H 210 usy(7) ode;f ausmuyg ,laqmifom;cJonf? oCFe;f u|e;f +rdK@e,f&dS tdwcstiADG ath'pf f f kd Gh f f kd f f a0'em&Sirsm;udk ulnaqmif&uay;aeonfh r*~iausmif;wduuvnf; &JcsKyf cif&D u w&m; f D Gf f k f kd Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;udk xdcuonftwGua=umif[k pGypum ausmif;xdiq&mawmfukd zrf;qD;+yD; kd f h f h f JG kf ausmif;udk twif;t"rR cswywconf? xd@k jyif oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf tdwcstiADG ath'pf d f d f hJ f f kd f f 211 a0'em&Sirsm;udvnf; ausmif;rSarmif;xkwconf? f k f hJ vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;onf qENjyyGtwGi;f yg0ifconfh trsK;d kd f k kd f J hJ orD;rsm;tygt0if jynfovxuvnf; &duEuzrf;qD;jcif;/ &di;f pdi;f pGm jyKrlqufqjH cif;rsm; l l k kd k fS f kk 212 jyKvkyconf? xd@k jyif qENjyjynforsm;xHrS tzd;k wefypPn;f rsm;udvnf; rw&m;vk,uf/ f hJ l k odr;f ,lc=hJ uonf? om"utm;jzihf pufwifbm 26/ 27 &ufrsm;wGif ql;avbk&m;teD;wGif +ir;f csr;f pGmqENjyaeolrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;ESihf pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J rsm;u +rKd @awmfcef;rxJo@kd &duEuf d kd f k fS zrf;qD; ac:aqmifum a&$q}JG uKd ; (5)uk;H ESihf tjcm;tzd;k wefypPn;f rsm;udk rw&m; odr;f ,lconf? hJ xdvy&yfrsm;onf Oya'rJvy&yfrsm;jzpf+yD; vl@tcGita&;udk ay:ay:xifxif csK;d azmufcjhJ cif; k kf h kf hf jzpfonf? trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyfygwuvnf; xdvy&yftay: ausnmcsuxwjf yefI kd D k kf fk 213 jyif;xefpm uef@uuconf? G G f hJ ppftm%mydirsm;onf =o*kwEihf pufwifbmt=urf;zufwucurrsm;wGif ud,f kf fS kd f kd f _ k 67 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; xdvufa&muf yg0ifywfoufconfh jynfci+f zKd ;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;udk wpkw&m tjypfay; ta&; hJ kd f H ,ljcif;rsm; rjyKvyonftjyif qkvmbfrsm;ay;I olaumif;jyKconf? qENjyolrsm;udk t=urf; kf h hJ zuf+zdKcGi;f &mY cdi;f apor# vkyaqmifay;cJ=h uaom jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk pufr(1) k f kd _ 0ef}uD; OD;atmifaomif;u pufr(1)0ef}uD;XmerS xkwvyaom armfawmfqiu,frsm;ESihf _ f kf kd f pufypPn;f rsm; csay;+yD; ukr%rsm;zGiay;onftxd tcGita&;rsm;ay;I olaumif;jyKcJh `D hf hf 214 onf? &efueqENjyyGrsm;twGi;f yg0ifywfoufconf@ pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;xJrS tajctaerJh kf J hJ f pGr;f tm;&Sif (500)OD;udk tm%mydirsm;u &efue+f rdK@pnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwDwif ae@pm; kf k G 215 D D dk 0efxrf;rsm;tjzpf tvkycef@conf? xd@k jyif ta&;tcif;umvtwGi;f tif;pdef *swtif f hJ 0if;twGi;f zrf;qD;xm;onhoCmawmfrsm;udk !Si;f yef;ESypufc&mwGif yg0ifconfh tpd;k & fH df hJ hJ vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;udvnf; +rdK@e,fjynfci+f zdK;toif;u ol&aumif; kd f k kd f k kd J 216 wHqyrsm; ay;tyfconf? 2008 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v (4)&uf vGwvyfa&;ae@ etzppftpd;k &u df hJ S D f xkwjf yefconfh omoemawmfqi&m bG@J wqyEihf *k%x;l aqmifb@JG tyfEi;f cH&olrsm;wGif hJ kd f H dfS f S vnf; pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;tygt0if pufwifbmoHCmhta&;tcif;}uD;tm; zdEy+f zdKcGol trsm; f dS J tjym;yg0ifconf? vlrx;l c|ewqyf yxrtqifh (102)OD; a&G;cs,ay;tyfc&mwGif oHCm hJ _ fHd f hJ ta&;tcif;ESihf qufpyfol (70)OD;cef@yg0if+yD; ‚if;wd@k teuf pGr;f tm;&Sif (30)cef@ yg0ifonf?217 vlr_a&;ESifh bmoma&;qdkif&m tcrf;tem;rsm;/ v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif [ef@wm;aESmuf ,S u f r _ r sm; ppftm%m&Sirsm;vufxuf jrefrmEdiiwif 0wfjyKqawmif;yGrsm;/ aysmy&iyrsm;ESihf f kfH G k J f JG $ f JG wrsK;d om;vk;H twGuf toufay;vSLoGm;cJaom Ediiacgi;f aqmifrsm;. atmufarhz,&m h k f hH Gf tcrf;tem;rsm;tygt0if ae@x;l ae@jrwf tcrf;tem;rsm;udk vGwvyfpmusi;f ycGihf r&&S=d u f G ay? cGifhjyKcsufr&&SdbJ usif;yygu oufqdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm;u ‚if;wdk@.vufudkifwkwf jynfci+f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;udk tok;H jyKI wm;qD;aESmuf,urrsm; jyKvkyconf? kd f S f_ f hJ {&m0wDwi;f / bduav;+rdK@e,f NLD rS usi;f yrnfh 59 ESpajrmufvwvyfa&;ae@ kd k f Gf tcrf;tem;udk a'ocHtm%mydirsm;/ jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;u tiftm; kf kd f ok;H I wm;qD;ydwyifconf? xdr#ru tcrf;tem;usi;f yrnfae&mwGif cswqxm;aom f hJ k h d f JG AkvcsKyfatmifqef;. rde@f ce;f udyg jzKwfcs&ef trde@f ay;cJonf? NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;u jzKwfcs&ef df Gk h jiif;qefconftcg vufeufrsm;udiaqmifxm;aom jynfci+f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;u tif hJ h kf kd f tm;ok;H I ud,wivma&muf jzKwcsom;cJonf? tcrf;tem;od@k axmufctm;ay;olrsm;ESihf k f kd f fGh H NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm; rwufa&mufEiatmif uke;vrf;/ a&vrf;rsm;udvnf; tm%mydirsm;u kd f f k kf ydwyifconf? vGwvyfa&;ae@tcrf;tem; OD;aqmifusi;f yol NLD tzG@J 0if OD;atmifcifbEihf f hJ f kd S tcsK@d uvnf; zrf;qD;ppfaq;cJonf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdiiwif vGwvyfa&;ae@ tcrf;tem; kd h kfH G f 68 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk rsm;udk tm%myditzG@J rvI rnfonfEiia&;ygwrsm;udrS jyKvkyciray;cJay?218 kf S JG h kd f H D k f G hf h ZGev 19 onf a':atmifqef;pk=unf. arG;ae@jzpf+yD; ESppOf jynfwi;f jynfyae&m f f G tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif arG;ae@tcrf;tem;rsm; usi;f yjyKvky=f uonf? jynfyae&mrsm;wGif tcrf; tem;rsm;udk vGwvyfpm usi;f ycGi&&daomfvnf; jynfwi;f Y xduo@kd usi;f ycGir&yJ ppftpd;k & fG hf S G k hJ hf vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm;udk &ifqiae&qJ jzpfonf? kd f k kd S f_ kd f Oyrmtm;jzifh rauG;wdi;f / atmifv+H rdK@e,fwif a':atmifqef;pk=unfarG;ae@ usi;f ycJaom k G h trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J rsm;u avmufav;*Grsm;jzifh ypfcwf kd kd wducuconf? xd@k jyif tzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;. armfawmfqiu,fb;D rsm;udvnf; azmufypfchJ k f kd f hJ kd f k onf? tvm;wlpm ppfui;f wdi;f / a&$b+kd rdK@wif tifet,fv'tzG@J 0ifrsm; tcrf;tem;usi;f y G kd k G f fD aeonftrukd ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J rsm;u avmufav;*Grsm;jzifh ypfcwf h df kd f k dk wducuconf? tcrf;tem; +yD;pD;onftcgwivnf; NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;oGm;&m vrf;w k f kd f hJ h Gf av#mufwif oHrrsm;ypfcsI qdiu,fb;D rsm; aygu+f yJatmifjyKvkyI aESmuf,uconf? G d_ kf f S f hJ &efuewi;f +rKd @e,ftcsK@d tygt0if tjcm;+rKd @e,ftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tvm;wl &rf;um;aESmuf k f kd ,Surrsm; jyKvkyc=hJ uonf?219 f_ f jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf bmoma&;tcef;tem;rsm;/ 0wfjyKqkawmif;yGrsm;wGif kd J vlrsm;udim;&rf;I tpDtpOfwus qufwuaESmuf,urrsm; jyKvyconf? &efuewi;f trsK;d kS kd f S f_ k f hJ k f kd om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf jrefrmh'rua&pDacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf kd D kd tygt0if Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;vGwajrmufa&;twGuf 2004 ckEp/f Zlviv 13 &uf ae@rS kfH f S kd f pI tygwpOf t*F gae@ 0wfjyKqawmif;yGrsm;udk &efue+f rKd @wif jyKvyconf? jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if f k J k G k f hJ kd rsm;onf 0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm;udk bk&m;ay:od@k wufcir&atmif wm;qD;ydwyifjcif;/ tr# G hf f a0aomtcg atmf[pfaESmuf,ujf cif;rsm;/ wefjyefqawmif;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? xd@k jyif S k f hJ 0wfjyKqawmif;olrsm;udk ud,xvufa&muf usL;vGeonftxd taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? k kfd f fh bk&m;ay:wGif 0wfjyKqawmif;olrsm;udk aESmuf,u&mwGif ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf k Sf kd f k jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J onf txl;ojzifh w&m;r0iftESycef;rsm;rS tESyorrsm;/ &yfuutwGi;f dk df df Gf vdipifrhJ t&ufa&mif;olrsm;/ csxa&mif;olrsm; pojzifh w&m;r0ifvyief;rsm;jzihf toufarG; kf JD kf 0rf;a=umif;jyKaeolrsm;udk tvSnus ac:,ltok;H jyKcJonf? bk&m;ay:od@k wufvmoltcsK@d ukd hf h vdtyfv#if wm;qD;&rnfjzpf+y;D !$e=f um;xm;onftwdi;f vkyaqmif&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ ud,hf k hk f k ud,ukd jynfo[ajymqd&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ owif;aygu=f um;ygu jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,ljcif; kf lk k cH&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ ‚if;wd@k tm; }uD;=uyfonfh jynfci+f zdK;wm0efcrsm;u rSm=um;cJonf?220 kd H h 2007 ckEp/f Zefe0g&vtwGi;f a&$w*b&m;ay:wGif tygwpOft*F gae@ 0wfjyKqk S D d Hk k f awmif;olrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf bk&m;wm0efus &Jrsm;u t=urf;zuf&uEurrsm;/ kd dk f S f _ bk&m;ajcawmf&if;wGif atmf[pfaESmuf,urrsm; jyKvkyconf? 0wfjyKqkawmif;ol tzG@J 0if S f_ f hJ 69 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; vli,fwOD;udvnf; t=urf;zuf &duEuconf?221 arvydi;f wGivnf; &efue+f rKd @ ajcmufxyf}u;D k k f S f hJ k f k bk&m;od@k tifet,fv'tzG@J 0ifrsm; oGm;a&muf0wfjyK qkawmif;aepOf ppftpd;k & vufuif f fD kd wkwrsm;u wefjyefqawmif;r_rsm;jyKvyum taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? ,if;vufuiwwf f k kf fh kd f k rsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf olr.cifye;f rkuu,ft&pfw@kd . ESpa,mufwyyg wD&yf S G df J f JG Hk S rsm;0wfqif+y;D tifet,fv'tzG@J 0if 0wfjyKqkawmif;aeolrsm;ab;Y xdiI “jynfytm;ud;k f fD kf ykqe&;dk tvdr&S/d jrefrmjynfukd jrefrmwdi;f &if;om;awGom tkycsKyf&ygv./ jrefrmjynfrm df k k f kd S tqd;k jrif0g'awG uif;&Si;f &ygv.”pojzifh toHus,avmifpm atmf[pfI wefjyef taESmuf D kd f G t,Suay;cJonf? xdr#omru 0wfjyKqawmif;t+y;D bk&m;ay:rSjyefqif;csewivnf; bk&m; fh k k df Gf apmif;wef;wGif xdvtyprsm;u tifet,fv'tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk t"rRqac:ojzifh &ke;f &if; k l kfk f fD JG qefcwf jzpfym;cJonftxd tajctaeqd;k &Gm;cJonf?222 tvm;wlpm rE av;wdi;f / jyifO;D vGif Gh h GW k +rdK@e,f tifet,fv'D pnf;&k;H a&;aumfrwDtzG@J 0ifrsm; aemifcrf;}uD;aus;&Gm&Sd aemifcrf;}uD; f f bk&m;ay:wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf qkawmif;aecsewivnf; jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;u wHjrufpnf;rsm;jzifh eH&H df Gf kd f rsm;ESihf =urf;cif;rsm;udk &duEuI ,kwrm=urf;wrf;pGm aESmuf,uconf?223 k fS f f S f hJ 1996 ckEp/f azazmf0g&vY jrefrmEdii. yxrOD;qk;H 'Drua&pDenf;us a&G;cs,f S D kfH kd wifajrSmufjcif;cHc&aom 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Ek uG,veonfh (1)ESpjf ynfajrmuf txdr;f hJ f Gf h trSwf tcrf;tem;wpfcukd usi;f yjyKvkyconf? xdtcrf;tem;od@k wufa&mufvmaom k f hJ k vlxtwGi;f od@k teDa&mifvufarmif;ywfrsm; 0wfqifxm;aom jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk k kd pdr@f 0if xd;k azguap+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf rde@f ce;f ajym=um;onftcg c&rf;csOo;D rsm;jzifh f G h f ypfaygu&ef tm%mydirsm;u !$e=f um;cJonf? 1996 ckEpf {+yDv jrefrmhEpopfu;l ae@wif f kf h S Sf G vnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf.aetdro@kd oGm;&mvrf;rsm;tm; wm;qD;ydwq@kd xm;cJ+h yD;/ vrf; f f ay:&Sd twm;tqD;rsm;udk ausmjf zwfvmonfh NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; ¶duEurnf[k jynfci+f zKd ; D k fS f dk tzG@J 0ifrsm;u +cr;f ajcmufc=hJ uonf? xdEptwGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf yJc;l +rKd @&dS emrnf d kSf }uD; bk&m;wpfqltm; oGm;a&mufz;l ar#mrnf[k owif;rsm;xGuay:cJ&m/ tm%mydirsm;u f fh kf a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd vrf;rSapmif}h udKwducu&ef jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;udk wm0efay; k f kd f kd apv$wconf? od@k aomfvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf xdb&m;od@k om;a&mufcjhJ cif; r&Sd f hJ kk G 224 ojzifh tpDtpOf ysuc&onf? f hJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@csKyf. pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef@wm;aESmuf,Sufr_ rsm; etzppftm%mykirsm;onf ‚if;wd@k .vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J rsm;udk tok;H jyK df kd f k kd I NLD ygwEihf ygwtaxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; taESmift,Suay; DS D h f 70 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk +cr;f ajcmufjcif;ESihf t=urf;zufwucujf cif;rsm;udk jyKvky&ef tqufrjywf }uKd ;yrf;aecJonf? d f kd f kd f h D 1988 ckEprS tpjyKI a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ygwrEwxuay;&efEihf NLD ygwtm; Sf DS_ f G f S zsuor;f ay;&ef ppftpd;k &rS wdu&uf zdtm;ay; awmif;qdrrsm; jyKvkyconf? od@k aomfvnf; fd k f dk k_ f hJ ppftpd;k &onf xdtwdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk wkucuEreif;&mwGif ‚if;wd@k OD;aqmifO;D &Guf k kf d f kd f dS f jyKaeaom jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk vufuiwwtjzpf tok;H jyKconf? Tod@k jzifh NLD ygwtm; kd kd f k f hJ D wdu±uwucuaeoltjzpfrS ajz;!Si;f pGm aysmufu,om;atmif }uKd ;yrf;cJonf? rnfo@kd yif k f kd f kd f dk f GfG h jzpfapumrl ppftpd;k &onf jzpfay:vmonfh t=urf;zufwucurrsm;twGuf t"du}uKd ;udif kd f kd f _ k pDpOf!e=f um;aeol jzpfonftwGua=umifh jynfci+f zdK;toif;rS a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ NLD $ h f dk ygw/D tjcm;aomtwkutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf 'Drua&pDa&; axmufctm;ay;olrsm;tay: df kd H usL;vGeaom jypfrtm;vk;H onf etzppftpd;k &. usL;vGerrsm;omjzpfayonf? f _ f_ etzppftpd;k &rS twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;tay: t=urf;zufwucurrsm; quf kf kd f kd f _ wkuf usL;vGeaejcif;. &nf&,csuonf tqdygtiftm;pkrsm;rS tvm;wl t=urf;zufaom d f Gf f k enf;jzifh wH@k jyefru&&S&efyif jzpfonf? tu,fI NLD ygwrS tvm;wl t=urf;zufw@kH jyefrrsm; _ kd d D _ jyKvkyvmygu ppftpd;k &onf wdi;f jynfrwnfr+irjf zpfjcif;rS umuG,&ef[qum NLD ygwD f k d f k kd tm; tjrpfjzwfacsre;f &eftwGuf ta=umif;jycsuwpfck &&Svmrnfjzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; _ f d twdutcHtzG@J rsm;taejzifh t=urf;rzuf ESv;Hk &nfwuyrsm;udom t"duxm; qifEvm kf kd f JG k JG onftwGua=umifh ppftpd;k &ar#mvifxm;onfh tjrpfjywfacsrea&; enf;AsL[monf r h f fh _f atmifjrifcJhay? 1996 ckEp/f Ek0ifbmvwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf tjcm; NLD ygw0ifrsm; pD; Sd S D eif;vkuygvmaom armfawmf,mOfwef;tm; oHacsmif;rsm;/ tkwcrsm;jzifh wducu&eft df fJ k f kd f wGuf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if wpfO;D pDv#if aiGusyf (5000)pD ay;cJonf? xdwucur_ rwdiru dk h k kd f dk f kfD tpd;k &0ef}uD;wpfO;D jzpfol &xm;yd@k aqmifa&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; OD;0if;pdeu a':atmifqef; f pk=unftm; owfypfoifonf[k jynfci+f zKd ;tpnf;ta0;yGwpfcwif toif;0ifrsm;tm; ajym h dk J kG =um;cJonf? ‚if;u “Ediia&;qlytºkH uGrawGukd zefw;D aewJh atmifqef;pk=unfukd &Si;f ypf h kfH l _ &r,f? ‘&Si;f ypf&r,f’qdwhJ t"dyg` ,ukd rif;wd@k em;vnf=uvm;? ol@ukd owfypf&r,fv@kd ajym k f wm? rif;wd@k ol@uowfypfz@kd owWa&m&S&@J vm;?”[k tqdygtpnf;a0;wGif }ur;f 0g;cJonf?225 kd d d k d h trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unf 2002 kd ckEp/f arv(6) &ufae@wif (19)v=um aetdrtus,csKyrS vGwajrmufvmcJ+h y;D aemuf wdi;f ESihf S G f ff f k jynfe,f (12)ck&dS pkpaygi;f (125)+rdK@e,fo@kd pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm; oGm;a&mufconf? oGm; k hJ a&mufvonfae&mod@k c|i;f csur&dS vGwvyfpmoGm;vmEdici&a=umif; etzppftpd;k &rS kd h f f G k f G hf dS oabmwlxm;cJaomfvnf; vufawG@wir_ tm%mydirsm;. enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aESmuf,uf h Gf kf S 226 [ef@wm;r_rsm;rSm wpxufwp wk;d wufrsm;jym;vmonfukd awG@}uKH c&onf? a':atmifqef; hJ 71 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; pk=unfEihf tzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf 2003 ckEp/f arv(6)&ufae@rS arv (30)&ufae@txd S S rE av;wdi;f / ppfui;f wdi;f / ucsijf ynfe,fEihf &Sr;f jynfe,f pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm;twGi;f jynf W k kd k S cdi+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. wm;qD; aESmuf,urrsm;pGmudk &ifqic&onf? k S f_ kd f hJ pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;xGuaeonfh a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J ukd aESmuf,u&mwGif f S hf Sf yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& apmfum;wducuf a&;om;xm;aom pm&Gupmwrf;rsm;ESihf tzG@J csKyfEihf olrudk k f kd f S oa&mfavSmifajymifxm;onfh umwGe;f ykrsm;udvnf; tm%mydirsm;u }udKwifjzef@a0r_rsm; H k kf jyKvkyconf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf vduygvmaom armfawmf,Ofwef; c&D;rqufEiap&ef f hJ kf kd f um;vrf;rsm;wGif oHq;l }uKd ;rsm;/ opfv;kH rsm;/ ausmufw;Hk rsm;/ ukewifum;}u;D rsm;jzifh ydwq@kd f f xm;jcif;/ wHwm;rsm;wGif um;oGm;&mbD;vrf;ysOcsyrsm;udk cGmxm;+y;D wHwm;udk opfom;wef; ff rsm;&kuI ydwq@kd xm;jcif;/ um;vrf;ay: jzwfI ajrmif;wl;ydwq@kd xm;jcif;/ a':atmifqef; df f f pk=unfEivxk awG@q&mteD;w0duwif w&m;ra[mEdiatmif taESmuft,Suay;onfh S hf l Hk kfG kf f taejzifh tm;aumif;aom toHcs@J pufrsm;ok;H +yD; oDcsi;f rsm;/ y&dww&m;rsm;udk qlnpm f HG zGi@f jcif;/ vltyxo@kd armfawmfum;armif;0ifjcif;rsm; jyKvy+f y;D jynfci+f zKd ; tzG@J rsm;u taESmuf kf J k kd t,SutrsK;d rsK;d ay;cJonf? f h tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if a'ocHvxukd a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; r}udKqd&ef lk k +cr;f ajcmufrrsm;vnf; jyKvyconf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd vufc}H uKd qaom tpd;k &0efxrf; d _ k f hJ kd rsm;udk tm%mydirsm;u xda&mufpm tjypfay;ta&;,lconf? Oyrmtm;jzihf csi;f jynfe,f kf G hJ c&D;pOftwGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk }udKqdkE_wfqufcJhonfh ynma&;0efxrf;wpfOD;udk tm%mydirsm;u tvkyrxwypfconf? rauG;wdi;f / uHr+rdK@e,ftwGi;f &Sd tru ausmif; kf f S k f hJ k q&mrwpfO;D jzpfol a':cifr;kd 0if;udvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; }udKqdconftwGuf k k hJ h +rKd @e,fynma&;rSL;u tvkyrxwypf&ef jyifqifc+hJ y;D ausmif;qufrwuf&ef wm;jrpfconf?227 fS k f hJ 2007 ckEp/f Zefe0g&vtwGi;f Y jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;jyKaumfrwD twGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf &ckif S D Gf kd f d 'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf twGi;f a&;rSL; ODat;omatmif. &cdijf ynfe,fc&D;pOftwGi;f Y axmufcH kd k tm;ay;cJol jynfci+f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL;wpfO;D ESihf +rdK@e,f rdcifEiuav;apmifa&Smufa&;tzJ@G h kd S hf h OuUXwpfO;D udk tm%mydirsm;u &mxl;rS jzKwfypfvuonfom"uvnf; &Sconf?228 kf kd f h d hJ xd@k jyif a':atmifqef;pk=unf vma&mufpOfumvtwGi;f pmoifausmif;rsm;ESihf aps;qdirsm;tm;vk;H udk ydwxm;&ef/ bke;f awmf}u;D ausmif;rsm;/ bk&m;apwDrsm;udk ydwxm;&ef kf f f tm%mydirsm;u +cdr;f ajcmufrrsm; jyKvkyconf? 2003 ckEp/f {+yDvydi;f u a':atmifqef; kf _ f hJ S k pk=unfEitzG@J rauG;wdi;f / ausmufxo@kd a&mufvmcsewif ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u S hf k k df G }uKd qdrnfukd pd;k &dronftwGuf pmoifausmif;rsm;udk tm%mydirsm;u ydwypfconf? xd@k jyif k fh kf f hJ uav;+rKd @tvGef xkrm&Gm ta&mufwivnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J a&mufvmcge;D rS H Gf S hf tm%mydirsm;u ausmif;0if;wHcg;}u;D udk ydwcser[kwyJ ydwypfconf?229 vrf;wav#muf&dS kf fdf f f hJ 72 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk "gwqEihf 'DZ,fa&mif;onfh qdirsm;udvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J tm; a&mif;csjcif; f DS kf k S hf rjyK&ef owday;wm;jrpfconf? hJ jrefrmEdiitwGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unf. pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOftcsK@d EiywfowfI kfH S hf waphwapmif;avhvm=unfrnfqv#if pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOftrsm;pkonf tm%mydirsm;ESihf h kd kf }uKd wifnEi;f wdiyif+y;D pwifcaomfvnf; tm%mydirsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ; dS d_ k f hJ kf kd f k dk tzG@J rsm;u rif;rJp&kuqefqef jyKr_vyaqmifc=hJ uonfukd awG@&onf? hdf kf 2003 ckEp/f {+yvtwGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J onf ygwpnf;&k;H a&;twGuf S D S hf D csi;f jynfe,fo@kd oGm;a&mufconf? od@k &mwGif rauG;wdi;f twGi;f vrf;wav#muf&dS atmifv/H hJ k awmifwi;f / rif;bl;+rdK@rsm;ESihf yGijhf zL+rdK@t0ifrsm;wGif ppftpd;k &. vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK; G kd f k kd tzG@J rsm;u enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J a&muf fh S hf &dvmcsewif &eforsK;d ig;yg; rD;ab;wm0ef oDcsi;f rsm;udk avmfpyDumrsm;jzifh toHuezijhf cif;/ S df G l kfG t&yfot&yfom;rsm;udk y&dw&wzwf&ef v_@H aqmfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyI taESmuft,SursKd ;pHk l fG f f f 230 ay;cJ=h uonf? 2003 ckEp/f arv (10)&ufae@wif ppfui;f wdi;f / tif;awmf+rKd @t0if eef@oaus;&Gmod@k S G kd k J a&muf&cseY rk&mc&di/f jynfci+f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL; ODaX;atmif OD;pD;onfh tiftm; (70) cef@&dS dS d f H G k kd jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf tpdr;f a&mifywpay:wGif pmvk;H t+zLjzifh “jynfytm;ud;k ykqe&;dk / kd df df tqd;k tjrif0g'rsm;tm; qef@usi=f u”[laom pmwrf;rsm;cswq+JG yD; qef@usiaESmuf,uchJ D df f Sf onfukd }uKH awG@c&onf? arv(11)&ufae@ ae@vnf(12) em&D/ uom+rKd @t0if*wo@kd a&muf&dS hJ df csewivnf; tiftm; (150)cef@&dS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; jyKvychJ df Gf kd S f_ kf onf? jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u qufroGm;&ef ydwyif[ef@wm; aESmuf,uaeonfukd wm0ef&dS kd f Sf ol tm%mydirsm;u =um;0ifjzefajzaqmif&uay;&rnftpm; a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; kf Gf h 231 jyefvnom;&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? S hf G h xd@k jyif 2003 ckEp/f arv (29)&uf nae (6)em&Dausmwif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf S fG S tzG@J onf rE av;rSwqifh ppfui;f wdi;f / rk&m+rKd @o@kd pnf;&k;H a&;c&D ;oGm;a&mufconf? a':atmif W kd k H G hJ qef;pk=unfEitzG@J rk&mod@k a&muf&vmcsewif tm%mydirsm;u [ef@wm;aESmuf,u&ef S fh HG dS df G kf Sf }udKwifppOfcaomfvnf; rk&mvlxu aomif;ESicsI }udKqdc=hJ uonf? jynfci+f zdK; acgi;f aqmif D hJ HG k fh D k kd rsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unf rvmcifuwnf;u rk&m+rKd @wif olr. raumif;a=umif;rsm;udk HG G vli,frsm;tm; oifwef;yd@k csconf? jynfci+f zKd ;vli,frsm; tygt0if ppfom;vli,fav;rsm;udk hJ kd jynfci+f zKd ;0wfprsm;jzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfqef@usia&; oifwef;rsm; yd@k csay;cJonf? od@k aomf kd Hk f h vnf; vli,ftawmfrsm;rsm;onf tm%mydirsm;. yd@k csapcdi;f csursm;udk vkyaqmif&ef qEN kf k f f r&Saoma=umifh xGuajy;cJ=h uonf? tcsK@d vi,frsm;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd qef@usif d f l aESmuf,u&rnftpm; vuftycsIyif uefawmhc=hJ uonf?232 Sf h kfD 73 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 2003 ckEp/f arv(12)&ufae@n (8)em&Dccef@wif ucsijf ynfe,f/ rd;k aumif;+rdK@e,f/ S JG G ref&uaus;&Gm t0ifvrf;xdywif tiftm;(100)cef@&dS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. aESmuf,urEihf Gf fG kd S f_S }uKH awG@c&onf? arv(13) &ufae@ zm;uef@+rKd @o@kd ra&mufrD erfrppf aus;&Gmt0ifwif jynfcif hJ h G kd +zdK; tzG@J 0ifrsm;u “jynfytm;ud;k ykqe&;dk / tqdtjrif0g'rsm;tm; qef@usi=f u” pmom;rsm; df k D yg&onfh qdi;f bkwrsm;uduiaqmifI toHwwf qENjyaESmuf,uconf? arv(15)&uf dS k f k kd f d S f hJ ae@ eHeuf (4)em&Dccef@wif erRw;D vrf;twdi;f xGucmvm&m aumif;&m&Gm ta&mufwif JG G k fG G jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u“ jynfytm;ud;k ykqe&;dk -tvdr&S” “tqd;k jrif0g'rsm;tm;-tvdr&d” kd df kd D kS “wdk;wufr_zsufqD;ol-tvdkr&Sd” “wnf+idrfat;csrf;a&;udkzsufqD;ol-tvdkr&Sd” ponfh qdi;f bkwrsm;udk udiaqmifI qENjyaESmuf,uc=hJ uonf? k f kf Sf f a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J onf 2003 ckEp/f arv(16)&ufae@wif ucsijf ynfe,f/ S hf S G jrpf}u;D em;+rKd @o@kd qufvufxucmcJonf? jrpf}u;D em;+rKd @t0if eef;auG@ wHwm;teD;wGif jynfcif G fG h kd +zdK;tzG@J 0if (300) cef@u vrf;ab;0J,mrS “jynfytm;ud;k ykqe&;dk / jynfe,f at;csr;f om df ,ma&;udk aESmuf,uzsuq;D olrsm;tm;-qef@usi=f u/” “trsK;d omoem cd;k ,lzsuq;D olrsm; Sf f f tm;-qef@usi=f u/ acsre;f =u” pojzifh a&;om;xm;aom ydpwmrsm;ESihf t0wfezl;pnf;rsm;udk _ k udiaqmifv#uf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf tzG@J csKyom;rnfvrf;Y ydwq@kd [ef@wm; qlyl aESmuf kf S fG h f ,Suconf? arv(18)&ufae@wif 0di;f armf+rdK@o@kd c&D;qufvufxucmcJ&m 0di;f armf+rdK@t0if f hJ Gk G fG h k aemifwmav&Gm ewfpifteD;wGif jynfci+f zdK; tiftm;(20)cef@u wm;qD;aESmuf,uconf? kd S f hJ 2003 ckEpf arv (20)&ufae@ Aef;armf+rdK@t0if ok;H rdif &Gmod@k a&muf&vmcsewivnf; wkw/f S k Sd df Gf "g;rsm; udiaqmifxm;ol jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if (300) ausmcef@u vdipifeygwjf ym; rygaom kf kd f kf H um;rsm;ESihf qdiu,frsm;udk tok;H jyK+yD;/ Oya'udk ajAmifususcsK;d azmufI uef@uuqENjy kf Gf 233 aESmuf,uconf? S f hJ xd@k tjyif ucsijf ynfe,f/ a&$u+l rKd@t0ifwivnf; jynfci+f zdK;tiftm; 300 cef@u Gf kd ydpwmrsm;/ a=uG;a=umforsm;jzihf [ef@wm;aESmuf,uconf? xduo@kd qef@usiaESmuf,uf k H S f hJ k hJ f S ol trsm;pkonf &yfuux&dS qif;&JEr;f yg;olrsm;jzpf+y;D jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;u xrif;au|; GfJ G kd kf arG;jcif;/ aiG;a=u;tenfi,fay;jcif;rsm; vkyaqmifI ac:,lvmcJaom qif;&Jom;rsm; jzpf=u f h onf? xl;jcm;csutaejzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ucsijf ynfe,fpnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm;wGif f [ef@wm;aESmuf,ucaom tkyprsm;onf wzG@J wnf;rSjzpfaea=umif; awG@&&onf? Oyrm S f hJ fk Sd tm;jzihf rd;k aumif;wGif aESmuf,ucorsm;onf jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@t0if qef@usiaESmuf,uyJG S f hJ l f Sf rsm;wGif jyefvnfyg0if cJonfukd awG@&&onf?234 h Sd 2003 ckEp/f arv(25)&ufae@wif rE av;wki;f / rd;k ukw+f rKd @rS =uyfjyif+rKd @rod@k 0ifa&muf S GW d +yD; qufvufxucmcJ&m uoJtyp/k bdue;f &yf ta&mufwif tiftm; (400) ausmcef@&dS G fG h kf k k G f jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J rsm;. uef@uuqENjN yjcif;udk cHc&onf? nae (&)em&Dcef@wif pOfu;l +rdK@teD; kd Gf hJ Gh 74 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk usnawmufayguaus;&GmESihf EG,&aus;&Gmta&mufwif qD'ifum;(11)pD;/ 'diem(4)pD;/ [di;f f f f Hk G kf k vyf (15)pD;Y pD;eif;vduygorsm;ESihf pkpaygi;f tiftm;(500)ausmcef@&Sd jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm; kf l k f kd . wm;qD;aESmuf,ujf cif;udk xyfr}H uKH awG@c&onf? ‚if;wd@k ukd tr&yl&/ rwW&m/ ausmufqnfEihf S hJ S rE av;+rdK@rsm;rS ac:aqmifvmjcif;jzpf+yD; EG,&aus;&Gm (a&$wi;f )rS tvkyorm; (usi;f om;) W f Hk G f rsm;udk w&ufvuygqENjyv#if xrif;au|;+y;D t&ufvnf; t0wduonftjyif ae@wuvyf kd f kf h Gfk 235 tm;ctjzpf (500)rS (1000)usytxday;I ac:aqmifconf? 2007 ckEp/f {+yvwGivnf; f hJ S D f rE av;wdi;f / rwW&m+rdK@e,ftzG@J csKyf vGwawmfu,pm;vS,f OD;oef;vGiEitzG@J pnfwi;f cH W k f kd f f S hf kd aus;&GmESihf ausmufwwm;aus;&Gmrsm;od@k pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;xGuonftcsewivnf; e,fajrcH H f h df Gf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J acgi;f aqmif udatmifjrifaX;ESihf udjk rifO;D wd@k u 0ki;f 0ef;&kuEu&ef }uHpnftm; kd k h h d d fS f 236 xkwconf? f hJ a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 2002 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv (16)&ufae@rS (24) &ufae@txd S &cdijf ynfe,fc&D;pOfEihf {&m0wDwi;f c&D;pOfrsm;wGivnf; ppftpd;k &. tpDtrHjzifh a'ocHtm k S kd f %mydirsm;/ &Jwyfz@JG / jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J / rD;owf/ =uufajceD/ rdcifEiuav;apmifa&Smufa&; kf dk S hf h tp&Sonfh ppftm%m&Sif vufuiwwtzG@J tpnf;rsm;u ao;odr,wnonfh twm;tqD; d kd f k f f k f Hh 237 taESmuft,SutrsK;d rsK;d udk vrf;c&D;wpfav#mufv;Hk jyKvyconf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf f k f hJ S ‚if;.tzG@J csKyf &cdijf ynfe,f pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOftwGi;f ajrmufO;D +rdK@ta&mufwivnf; a'ocH k Gf tm%mydirsm;u +cdr;f ajcmuftusyuif wm;jrpfrrsm; jyKvkyconf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfol kf f kd _ f hJ vlxk (2)aomif;ausmu vrf;rrsm;ay:xGu+f yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J ukd vduvpm f S hf _ f JS G }uKd qc=hJ uonf? xdjk rifui;f a=umifh tm%mydirsm; wkevyom;cJ+h y;D vkxe;f &Jwyfz@JG rsm;/ rD;owf kd G kf f _f G Hd ydursm;jzifh tiftm;ok;H I t=urf;zuf vlpcconf? rD;owfyursm;jzifh vlpcaepOf a':atmif kf k JG hJ kd f k JG qef;pk=unfu,wif rD;owfum;ay:wuf+y;D “'DupP usra=umifjh zpfwm/ usrvmwm vlxe@J kd f kd d k awG@z@kd vmwm/ 'Drua&pDvyw,fqwm vlxu yxryJ/ vlxtwGuf vky&r,f/ 'ga=umifh kd kf kd k k f h vlxukd awG@&r,f/ Ediia&;tzG@J awGvyJ &Jw@kd / rD;owfw@kd qdwmvnf; vlxukd taxmuftul k kfH kd k k ay;&r,f? tckvkd vlxukd taxmuftulray;yJ Edixufp;D eif;vkyaewmudk usr r=unfEib;l / k kf f h kd f rvkyyge@J ?”[k wm;jrpfcojzifh &JEihf rD;owfw@kd &yfwef@om;cJonf? &ckijf ynfe,fc&DpOftwGi;f f hJ S Gh d a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf tzG@J csKyfukd armfawmfum; iSm;&rf;tultnDay;cJol 2 OD;udvnf; S h k 238 jynfci+f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL; ODp;kd Edi. trde@f jzifh vdi;f um;vdipifrsm; ydwyifconf? kd kf k kf f hJ jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J Eihf tm%mydirsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unf. pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOf dk S kf rsm;twGi;f t=urf;zufwucurrsm; qufwuusL;vGec&m ‚if;wd@k txJwif pufqy&&m kd f kd f _ kd f f hJ G k f HG S zG,&mtaumif;qH;k t=urf;zufrrm 2003 ckEp/f arv 30 &ufae@wif jzpfym;cJaom 'Dy,if; f _S S G Gh J t=urf;zufryif jzpfonf? xd'y,if; vlowfrrwdiru a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf rde@f ce;f _ kDJ _ kfD G ajym=um;&ef/ NLD ¶H;k cGrsm; zGivp&efEihf pnf;&k;H a&;vkyief;rsm;twGuf jynfwi;f ae&ma'o J hf S f S f G 75 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tawmfrsm;rsm;od@k c&D;xGuccsewif jynfci+f zKd ;wd@k . [ef@wm;aESmuf,urtrsK;d rsKd ;ESihf &ifqif f hJ d f G kd S f_ kd cJ&onfukd azmfjycJ+h y;D jzpfonf? jynfe,fa'otoD;oD;od@k olr.c&D;pOf rpwifruyif jynfci+f zKd ; h D dk acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf A[kaumfrwD0ifrsm;onf jynfci+f zdK; em,ursm;/ a'ocHwyfrL;rsm;. d kd S cGijhf yKcsujf zifh tqdyga'orsm;od@k }udKwifom;a&mufI NLD tm; [ef@wm;aESmuf,u&ef k G Sf twGuf pDrue;f rsm;csrw&ef v#K@d 0utpnf;ta0;yGrsm; usi;f ycJ=h uonf? txl;ojzifh 'Dy,if; Hd Sf Sf J J vlowfy}JG u;D od@k OD;wnfom;r!fc&D;pOfrsm;twGi;f a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf olr.ygwonf G h S D vrf;ab;wav#mufwif pk&;Hk xm;aom vlty}f u;D rsm;. [ef@wm;aESmuf,uf wducurrsm;ESihf G k S k f kd f _ }uHKawG@c&onf? Tvlty}f uD;rsm;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf NLD ygwukd &_wcsxm; hJ k S D f aom ydpwmrsm;/ aqmify'rsm;udk udiaqmifxm;+y;D / aºu;G a=umforsm;[pfaºu;G I a':atmif k kf kf H qef;pk=unfEihf NLD ygw0ifrsm; vkuygvmaom armfawmf,mOfwef;tm; tESmuft,Suay; S D df f wducucjhJ cif; jzpfonf? k f kd f 2003 ckEp/f arv 30 &ufae@wif jynfe,ftm%myditcsKd @Eihf jynfci+f zKd ; tzG@J 0ifrsm; S G kf S kd onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf olrtm; axmufctm;ay;olrsm;vduygvmaom ,mOfwef; S H kf tm; 'Dy,if;+rKd @teD;wGif +cKH cwucuconf? NLD ygw0iftcsKd @rm vlrqefpm ¶duEucc&+y;D J kd kd f kd f hJ D S G k f S f H hJ trsm;tjym; aoa=u'%f&m&&dconf? tqdygt=urf;zufwucurwif jynfci+f zdK;toif; S hJ k kd f kd f _ G kd onf wdu¶uyg0ifywfoufae&komru &Gmom;rsm;tm; aiGa=u;axmufyjhH cif;/ oifwef;rsm; k f kd f H ay;jcif;jzihf xdt=urf;zufwucurrsm;w&Gif yg0ifywfoufconf? 'Dy,if; wducurt+y;D k kd f kd f _ hJ J k f kd f _ wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; acwWaxmifoi;f tusO;f csconf? xd@k aemuf olrtm; aetdrf G hJ tus,csKyfjzifh qufvufxr;f odr;f cJonf? 'Dy,if;t=urf;zufwucur_ rsujf rifoufao f d h J kd f kd f rsm;udvnf; tjzpfref ay:ayguvmrnfukd pd;k &drojzifh tm%mydirsm;u zrf;qD;ESypufconf? k S f f kf d f hJ tcif;jzpfym;+yD;aemuf xdvowfrtm; pHprf;ppfaq;&eftwGuf jrefrm twdut G kl _ k kf cHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f 'Dy,if;vky}f uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&ua&;aumfr&Siwpf&yfukd zG@J pnf; J Gf f cJonf? xdaumfr&Sitaejzifh 'Dy,if;t=urf;zufwucuronf }udKwif}uHpnfxm;aom h k f J kd f kd f _ wduf cdurwckjzpfa=umif; azmfxwawG@&conf? jynfci+f zKd ;taejzifh jynfo@l ppfoifwef;rsm; k k f_ kf dS hJ kd ay;jcif;/ udiaqmiftok;H jyKaom vufeufrsm;tm; *¶kwpduf a&G;cs,cjhJ cif;/ wducurnfh kf k f k f dk f ae&mESihf tcseumvtm; pepfwus jyifqifcjhJ cif;/ vlta&twGuf ig;axmifcef@tm; wduf df k ckurusL;vGe&eftwGuf pepfwus pnf;¶H;k xm;jcif;/ wducuacsre;f onfh enf;pepfrsm;/ trde@f d f_ f k f kd f _ ay;pepfrsm;/ '%f&m&&Sorsm;ESihf rsujf rifoufaorsm;tm; zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f jcif;/ wducur_ dl k f dk f jzpfym;onfae&mtm; jyefvnfjyifqifI oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;tm; pepfwus G h zsuq;D cJjh cif;/ wducurrsm;tm; ppfwyfrS AdvrLS ;wpfO;D ESihf &Jwyfz@JG t}u;D tuJwpfO;D wd@k rS teD; f k f dk f _ kf uyf}u;D =uyfcjhJ cif;wd@k a=umifh 'Dy,if;vlowfronf }uKd wif}upnfxm;aom t=urf;zuf wduf J _ H k 239 cdurj_ zpfonfukd azmfxwawG@&conf? kf kf dS hJ 76 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk aumfr&SitpD&ifcpmt& t=urf;zufwucur_ jyKvy&eftwGuf vltiftm; 5000 f H kd f kd f kf ESihf }udKwifavhusiconf? vdtyfonfvtiftm;udk ppfui;f wdi;f / a&$bc&ki&Sd +rdK@e,f (8) hf hJ k hl kd k kd d f +rKd@e,fEihf rk&mc&di&dS +rdK@e,frsm;rS jynfci+f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;u rdrw@kd +rdK@e,frsm;twGi;f &Sd S HG kf kd d jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf jynfovxrsm;udk pkaqmif;cJonf? xdo@kd vpaqmif;&mwGif tca=u; kd llk h k lk aiGrsm; ay;jcif;jzihvnf;aumif;/ twif;t"rR +cr;f ajcmuft=uyfuiIvnf;aumif; pkaqmif; f d kd f cJonf? pkaqmif;&&Scorsm;udk oufqi&m+rdK@e,frsm;tvduf ppfui;f +rdK@/ trSw(2) txuf h d hJ l kd f k kd f wef;ausmif;/ rH&m+rdK@ trSw(2)ESihf trSw(3) txufwef;ausmif;/ taemufajrmufwi;f kG f f kd ppfXmecsKyf0if;/ 'Dy,if;+rdK@ txufwef;ausmif; ponf@ae&mrsm;wGif pkaqmif;xm;&S+d yD; xdol J k rsm;udk t=urf;zuf &kuEu+f zdKcGacsre;f onf@ oifwef;rsm;udk pepfwus ay;cJonf?240 xdoif d fS J_ h k wef;rsm;wGif OD;acgi;f ESihf cg;qpftxufyi;f wd@k ukd 'kwrsm;ESi&uEuonf@enf;rsm;udk oif=um; kd f hf kd f S f 241 ay;cJonf? h xd@k a=umifh 'Dy,if;t=urf;zufronf owfrwxm;aom t&yfom;rsm;udom J _ Sf k OD;wnfI pepfwus pDpOfusL;vGecjhJ cif;/ Ediia&;ESiywfoufaer_a=umifh ypfrwxm; wducuf f kfH hf Sf k f kd cH&jcif;/ t&yfom;tm;vH;k udk +cdr;f ajcmuf&eftwGuf xdwucurukd usL;vGecjhJ cif;wd@k a=umifh k kd f kd f _ f xdvy}f uronf vlom;rsK;d EG,wckv;Hk udk usL;vGewucuconfh &mZ0wfrwck jzpfonf?242 k k H_ f f kd f kd f hJ _ ,if;wducuronf vlom;rqefaom&mZ0wfrj_ zpfa=umif;udk oufao taxmuftxm; k f kd f _ rsm;u azmfjyaeaomfvnf; ukvor*~onf xd'y,if;wducuowfjzwfrtm; pHprf;ppfaq; kDJ k f kd f _ k &eftwGuf vGwvyfonfaumfr&Siwpf&yfukd zG@J pnf;jcif; r&Scay? tcseumv =umjrihvm f h f d hJ df f onfEitr# xdwucurtwGuf wm0ef&aom jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf ppftpd;k &wd@k rm S hf k kd f kd f _ dS dk S vnf; tjypfrS vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGihf &&dae=uonf? S -------------------------- 77 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tcef ; (5) jynf c d k i f + zd K ;toif ; . tem*wf E d k i f i H a &;pD r H c suf r sm; etzppftpd;k &onf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;tm; ‚if;wd@k .ae&mudqufc&ef vufoyfarG; dk k H aecsewif jynfci+f zdK;toif;. vlxtay:zdEyrrsm;tygt0if etzppftpd;k &ESihf qufE,f df G kd k dS f _ $ ywfoufaer_rsm;udk tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;&ef vdtyfayonf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf k kd 1993 ckEpu jynfxa&;0ef}u;D XmewGif vlra&;tzG@J tpnf;wpfctjzpf rSwywifcaomfvnf; Sf J _ k f kH hJ etzppftpd&onf tqdygtoif;tm; Ekiia&;ygwwpfctjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;&ef &nf&,f k k dfH Dk G aqmif&uaeonfrm xif&m;onf? trsK;d om;nDvmcHwif a&;qG+J y;D pD;cJaom zG@J pnf;tkycsKyfykH Gf S S G h f tajccHOya'u ppfwyftm; ygvreftrwfae&m av;yHwpfyukd ay;tyfxm;onf? use&dS D k kH f aom trwfae&mrsm;udr_ Ediia&;ygwjD zpfvmrnfh jynfci+f zdK;toif;tygt0if tjcm;EdiiH k kfH kd kf a&;ygwrsm;u a&G;aumufywif 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKif&rnfjzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;taejzifh D JG G S dk ‚if;wd@k usio;kH aeustwdi;f /taESmuf,uay; +cdr;f ajcmufrrsm;ESihf t=urf;zufrrsm;jyKvkyI hf k Sf _ _ f use&aom trwfae&mrsm;tm; &,lrnfjzpfonf? Tenf;jzi@f etzppftpd;k &onf tem*wf f dS Ediiawmfwif ‚if;wd@k pwwi;f us jc,fv,Eirnfh trnfcH t&yfom;tpd;k &wpfctm; zefw;D &ef kfH G d f kd S f kd f k tcGitvrf;wpf&yfukd &&Srnfjzpfonf? hf d Ed k i f i H a &;tjyif t qif 1962 ckEpf ppfwyfrS tm%modr;f csewif jrefrmjynftm; awmfvea&;aumifpu S df G Sf D tkycsLyfconf? xd@k aemuf 1974 ckEpwif ppftpd;k &u Ediia&;awmifywpfcjk zpfonfh jrefrmh f hJ Sf G kfH H qd&,vpfvrf;pOfygw(rqv)udk zG@J pnf;cJ+h y;D jrefrmjynftm; ‘jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef qd&,vpf kS f D kS f pepf’ jziftycsKyf&ef }udK;yrf;cJonf? 1990 ckEpf a&G;aumufyrsm; usi;f yonftcseuvnf; h kf h S JG h df e0w ppftpd;k &u ygvrefwif trwfae&m&&Sa&;twGuf jrefrmhq&,vpfvrf;pOfygwrS tzG@J DG d kd S f D 0ifrsm;udtok;H jyKI Ediia&;awmifywpfcjk zpfonfh wpn ac: wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!wa&; k kfH H k $f ygwukd xlaxmifconf? D hJ od@k aomf 1990 jynfEpf a&G;aumufywif trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyfrS tjywf hS JG G kd towf tEdi&&dcsewif tm%mvGajymif;ay;&ef ppfwyfu jiif;qdconf? xd@k jyif ppfwyfonf kf Sdf G J k hJ a&G;aumufywif &_;H edr@f om;aom ‚if;wd@k .Ediia&;ygwwpfcjk zpfonfh wpnygwukd ab;z,f JG G G kfH D D xm;vdu+f yD; Ediiawmf+idr0yfyjd ym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J (e0w) ,ck Ediiawmfat;csr;f k kfH f kfH om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (etz)udk zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD; tm%mudk qufvufcsKyfuixm;cJh kd f f onf? ppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k tm%m wnf+rJvmonfEitr# vlxpnf;±H;k v_@H aqmfr_ vkyief; S hf k 78 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk rsm;. tusKd ;&v'frsm;udk aumif;pGmem;vnf oabmayguvmcJ+h yD; jynfci+f zdK; (ac: ) jynf f kd axmifpk }uH@cia&;ESiz@HG +zdK;a&;toif;udk zG@J pnf;xlaxmifconf? pwifz@JG pnf;cJpOfumvu kd f hf hJ h tqdyg toif;onf rnfonfEiia&;ygwEir# yg0ifywfoufrr&Sa=umif; twdtvif; azmfjycJh k h kd f H D S hf _d aomfvnf; ,QKtcg etzppftpd;k &. pnf;urf;jynf0aom 'Drua&pDtaumiftxnf azmf h kd aqmifa&;vkyief;pOfrsm;wGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. Ediia&;tcef;u¾udyg xnfoi;f xm;onf f kd kfH k hG udk awG@&&onf? dS 2003 ckEp/f =o*kwv (30)&ufae@rpI ppftpd;k &. twkta,mif Ediia&;vrf;jy S f S kfH ajryHk pwifay:xGuvmcJonf? xdtcserpI jynfci+f zKd ; aumfrwDtqifqifukd a&G;aumufyJG fh k dfS kd hh opftwGuf pDrcsursm;a&;qG+J y;D }uKd wifjyifqifrrsm;jyKvyxm;&ef !$e=f um;csursm; xkwjf yef Hf _ kf f cJonf? xd!e=f um;csursm;wGif oufqi&me,fajrtvduf rJay;Ediota&twGuukd pm&if; h k$ f kd f k kf l f jyKpk&ef/ rJay;Ediorsm;teuf qef@usibufygwrsm;tm; rJay;EdioO;D a&udvnf; teD;pyfq;kH kf l f D kf l k cef@re;f wifjy&ef/ &yfuu/f aus;&Gmtqiftvduf pnf;&H;k a&;aumfrwDrsm;udk uspvpfcirm S G hk f kd f atmif zG@J pnf;xm;&ef/ &mpk/ axmifptuGursm; owfrw+f yD; toif;0ifta&twGuf wd;k jrifh k f S vmatmif pnf;&H;k xm;&ef/ toif;0ifrsm;xJrS trmcHtoif;0ifrsm;ESihf vufa&G;pif trmcH toif;0ifrsm;udk pDppfa&G;cs,I avhusiay;xm;&ef/ oufqi&ma'otwGi;f Ediia&;tajc f hf kd f kfH cdirma&;ESihf pnf;&H;k v_y&m;r_rsm; us,jf yef@vma&;twGuf vkyief;tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qGt kf fS f J aumiftxnfaz:aqmif&ef/ pnf;&H;k a&; us,jf yef@ap&eftwGuf jynfovxrsm;jzpfonfh &[ef; llk oHCmawmfrsm;/ ouf}u;D &G,trsm;/ vli,frsm;ESihf trsKd ;orD;rsm;ukd A[drvrf;!$exm;onfh f kd kS f pnf;&H;k a&;rl0g'rsm;ESitnD pnf;&H;k a&;pcef;rsm;wnfaqmuf+yD; csO;f uyfpnf;&H;k oGm;=u&ef hf tao;pdw!e=f um;cJonf?243 f$ h 2005 ckEp/f 'DZifbmvwGif usi;f ycJaom owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGwpfcwif jynfci+f zdK; S h J kG kd taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfol v,f,mpduysK;d a&;ESihf qnfajrmif;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; AdvcsKyf kf kf aX;OD;u Ediia&;tjctaeESihf vlxqENtay:rlwnf+yD; jynfci+f zdK;toif;}uD;udk Ediia&;ygwD kfH k kd kfH wcktjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;aumif; zG@J pnf;Edionf[k t&dytjruajym=um;cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ; kf f Gf h kd tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; tem*wfa&G;aumufyrsm;wGif ppfwyftwGuf oD;oef@ z,f&m;xm;aom JG S ae&mrsm;rSty use&aeao;aom ygvreftrwfae&mrsm;twGuf 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKif&ef jyif f dS D S qifxm;&ef !$e=f um;cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;tm; Ediia&;ygwwpfctjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf; h kd kfH Dk Edionf[k t&dyt¹ruajymqdconfrm ,ckwpf}urwnf;omv#if r[kway? 2003 ckEpu kf f Gf k hJ S df f Sf vnf; rGejf ynfe,fY jynfci+f zdK;taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;u jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf w&m;0if dk dk Ediia&;ygwwpfctjzpfo@kd ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;&ef tqifoifjh zpfaea=umif; zGi[ajym=um;cJh kfH D k hf 244 onf? xd@k jyif 2002 ckEpwif jynfxa&;0ef}uD;jzpfol AdvcsKyfarmifO;D uvnf; “Ediiawmf Sf G J kf kfH 79 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tpd;k &taeeJ@ tvGe}f uD;rm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf;awGukd &ifqiae&cserm jynfci+f zdK; kd f dfS kd toif;&J@ pGr;f tm;eJ@ tJ't=uyftwnf;udk ajz&Si;f cJw,f? tJ'ga=umifh rif;wd@k taeeJ@ EdiiH D h kf a&;+ydKifywpfcrm wjcm;tzG@J awGukd ,SO+f ydKifEiatmif}udK;pm;&r,f?”[k xkwazmfajymqdcJh JG kS kd f f k 245 onf? jynf c d k i f + zd K ;ES i f h Ed k i f i H w umtajctae etzppfAvcsKyrsm;onf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk ppfwyfyif Ediia&;ygwwcktjzpf EdiiH kd f f kd kd k f H D kf wumod@k pwifyxwvmcJonf? wcsewnf;Yyif a'owGi;f Ediirsm;rS Ediia&;t& axmufcH JG k f h df kfH kfH tm;ay;r_rsm;&&S&efvnf; }udK;yrf;cJonf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;udk ppfwyfyif Ediia&;ygwtjzpf d h kd kd k f H D yxrOD;qk;H vufctodtrSwjf yKcJaom Ediionf w&kwEiijH zpfonf? ESpEiicsp=f unfa&; H h kfH f kd f f kd f H ud,pm;vS,tzG@J rsm; tjyeftvSef apv$wjf cif;jzifh w¶kwuejf rLepfygwEihf jynfci+f zKd ;toif; kf f fG DS dk wd@k t=um; ygwcsi;f &if;ES;D r_ wnfaqmuf&ef }udK;yrf;cJonf? D h 2000 jynfEpwif w¶kwjf ynfuejf rLepfygwonf AdvcsKy0if;jriftm; etztpd;k &. hSf G G D kf f h xdywef;AdvcsKyf}u;D wpfO;D taejzifr[kwbJ jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. 'kOuUXtaejzifh vma&muf f kf h f dk vnfywf&ef zdwac:cJonf? xdpOfu w¶kwuejf rLepfygwEihf jynfci+f zdK;toif;=um; qufqH fh k fG DS dk a&;wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf y%mr oabmwlncsuwpfctm; vufrwa&;xd;k cJonf[k oH;k Dfk Sf h 246 oyfrrsm;&Sconf? w¶kwjf ynfuejf rLepfygwonf2004 ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif abusi;f +rKd @ _ d hJ G D S Y usi;f ycJaom wwd,t}udrajrmuf tm&SygwpkH ES;D aESmzvS,yo@kd wufa&muf&ef jrefrm h f D f JG EdiirS jynfci+f zdK;toif;tygt0if Ediiaygi;f (35) EdiirS Ediia&;ygwaygi;f (84)ygwtm; kfH kd kfH kfH kfH D D zdw=f um;cJonf? tqdygaqG;aEG;yGo@dk jynfci+f zdK;toif;. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; (AdvcsKyf) h k J dk kf OD;aX;OD; OD;aqmifaom ud,pm;vS,tzG@J wufa&mufconf? xdo@kd wufa&mufconfukd w kf f hJ k hJ ¶kw¶yjf rifo=H um;ESihf toHviXmersm;u wcrf;wem; xkwvijhf yocJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif; fk $ hf f$ h dk onf ES;D aESmzvS,yumvtwGi;f w¶kwjf ynfuejf rLepfygwEihf ygwcsi;f &if;ES;D r_wnfaqmufcihf f JG G DS D G &&S¶omru wufa&mufvmaom tjcm;Ediirsm;rS ygwrsm;ESivnf; &if;ES;D r_ wnfaqmufcihf d kH kfH D fh G 247 &&Satmif w&kwuejf rLepfygwu pGr;f aqmifay;cJonf? d fG D h jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf a'owGi;f Ediirsm;rS axmufcru&&S&eftwGuf }uKd ;yrf;tm; dk kfH H _ kd d xkwaeonftjyif uGejf rLepfygwrsm;. zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufyrsm;udvnf; twk,&ef }uKd ;yrf; f h D kH k l cJonf? w¶kwjf ynfuejf rLepfygwEihf AD,uferfuejf rLepfygww@kd . zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufyrsm; h G DS G D Hk udvnf; avhvmcJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. e,utzG@J 0ifwpfO;D vnf;jzpf 'Dy,if; vlowfr_ k h dk J tm; aemufu,rS }uKd ;udippOfco[vnf; ,H=k unf&ol Ediiawmf0ef}u;D csKya[mif; AkvcsKyf Gf k f D hJ l k kfH f df }uD; pd;k 0if; (uG,ve)onf AdvcsKyfrL;}uD;oef;a&$Eitwl AD,uferfuejf rLepfygw. zG@J pnf; f Gf kf S S hf G D wnfaqmufytm; avhvm&ef&nf&,csujf zifh AD,uferfEiio@kd 2003 ckEpwif oGm;a&muf Hk Gf kd f H Sf G 80 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk vnfywfconf?248 hJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;. zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufyonf tif'e;D &Sm;EdiiY orRwql[mwdk kd kH kd kfH vufxufwif zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifcaom *dumygw(Golkar Party)ESihf tvm;o¾mef wlonf? G hJ k D *dumygwtm; pwifz@JG pnf;pOftcseuvnf; vlrzva&;toif;tzG@J wpfctjzpf tr$r;f wifchJ k D df l l kH k =uonf? od@k aomfvnf; 1971 ckEpf tif'e;D &Sm;a&G;aumufywif *dumygwtaejzihf 0ifa&muf S kd JG G k D 249 ,SO+f yKd ic&m ygvreftrwf ae&mtrsm;pkukd &&Sconf? jrefrmppftpd;k &onfvnf; ql[mwdk f hJ D d hJ vufxuf tif'e;D &Sm;Ediitm; twk,I ppftycsKyfa&; oufq;kd &Snap&ef }udK;yrf;cJonf? kd kfH l kf f h jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;onf tm&SEiirsm;ESihf tmqD,Eiirsm;od@k csp=f unfa&;ESihf dk kd f H H kd f H avhvma&;c&D;rsm; oGm;a&mufjcif;jzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf jynfyaxmufcrrsm; &&Satmif dk H_ d }uKd ;pm;cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;onf *syefEii/H wdusd L+rKd @wif usi;f yaom Ediiwum h kd kd f k G kfH vli,fz@+HG zKd ;wd;k wufr_ ES;D aESmzvS,a&; (Internationl Youth Development Exchange Programme) f od@k wufa&mufconf? xd@k jyif *syefEiionf 2006 ckEpwif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k *syef,ef;aiG hJ kd f H Sf G kd 250 S D Nd k f H 27 oef; axmufyay;cJonf? 2006 ckEp/f Zefe0g&vwGif tdE,EdiiY usi;f yaom wwd, Hh h t}udrfajrmuf tm&Sypdzwfa'o usL;bm;pnf;vHk;!$wfa&;nDvmcH (Third Asia Pacific Regional Cuba Solidarity Conference in India)od@k vnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;rS ud,pm;vS,rsm; kd kf f 251 wufa&mufconf? hJ 2005 ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf yxrOD;pGm tmqD,Eiirsm;rS S dk H kd f H oH¶;kH wm0efcrsm;ESihf &efue+f rKd @wif awG@qaqG;aEG;cJonf? xd@k aemuf tjcm; EdiijH cm;oH¶;kH wm H k G kH h kf 0efcrsm;ESihf awG@qaqG;aEG;cJonf?2522006 ckEp/f rwfvtwGi;f rav;&Sm; EdiijH cm;a&;0ef}u;D H kH h S kf qm&uf[mrpf t,fvbm (Syed Hamid Albar)onf tmqD,owrefwpfO;D taejzifh jrefrm f HH Ekiio@kd vma&mufvnfywfpOfu jynfci+f zdK;toif;ESihf awG@qconf?253 dfH kd kH hJ trsd K ;om;nD v mcH ppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k pwwi;f us zG@J pnf;tkycsKyfykH tajccHOya'wpf&yf a&;qG&efEihf d f kd f JS t&yfom;tpd;k &od@k tm%mv$ajymif;ay;&ef[qum 1993 ckEpwif trsKd ;om;nDvmcHtm; J k kd Sf G pwifusi;f ycJonf? xl;jcm;onfrm trsL;om;nDvmcHusi;f y&ef qH;k jzwfcsucs+yD; &ufowW h S d f yw (2)ywft=umwGif jynfci+f zKd ; ac: jynfaxmifp}k u@H cia&;ESifh zG@H +zKd ;a&;toif;tm; zG@J pnf; f kd kd f wnfaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? nDvmcHwivnf; ppftpd;k &u vufa&G;pOf a&G;cs,xm;aom Gf f jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if trsm;tjym; yg0ifwufa&mufconf?254 Tod@k jzifh ppftm%mydirsm;onf dk hJ kf trsK;d om;nDvmcH OD;wnfcsuf (6)&yfrS wpfcjk zpfonfh tem*wftrsK;d om;Ediia&;wGif wyfr kfH awmftaejzifh OD;aqmifrtcef;rS yg0ifEia&;qdonftcsuukd pwif taumiftxnfazmf _ kd f kh f aqmif&uconf? G f hJ 81 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; 2005 ckEpwif trsK;d om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufvmaom wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm; Sf G k wGif ud,pm;vS,ta&twGuf (633)OD;rSm jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;jzpfI nDvmcHwufa&muf kf f kd d ol ud,pm;vS,O;D a& pkpaygi;f . (58)&mckiEe;f &Sconf?255 rauG;wki;f twGi;f &Sd +rKd @e,fwpfck kf f k d f _ d hJ wGif trsKd ;om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufou,pm;vS,f (3) OD;teuf (2)OD;rSm jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if l kd f dk rsm; jzpfonf? tvm;wlyif &cdijf ynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd +rKd @e,ftoD;oD;rS trsK;d om;nDvmcHu,pm; k kd f 256 vS,rsm;onfvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfonf? ‚if;wd@k onf Oya'a&;&muír;f usif f dk olrsm; r[kwouJo@kd jynfovxu a&G;cs,wifa¹rSmufxm;onfh ud,pm;vS,rsm;vnf; fh llk f kf f 257 kd kf f r[kway? xd@k tjyif trsK;d om;nDvmcHo@kd wufa&mufrnfh jynfci+f zKd ;ud,pm;vS,rsm;udk f vnf; ppftpd;k &u aiGa=u;taxmuftyHrsm; ay;cJonf?258 xdaiGa=u;taxmuftyHrsm; h h k h onf jrefrmjynf&dS tdraxmifptoD;oD;rS vduvaumufcxm;aom jynfovx. aiGa=u; f k kfH H llk 259 rsm;om jzpfonf? Tod@k jzifh ppftpd;k &onf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if trsK;d om;nDvmcHu,pm; kd kd f vS,rsm;tm; aiGa=u;axmuftyHrsm;/ rufv;Hk rsm;ay;I nDvmcHwufa&muf&ef qGaqmif f h J pnf;&k;H cJonf? rufv;kH ay;qGaqmifrrsm;rygyJ jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm; pnf;¶H;k Edipr;f r&Say? h J _ dk kfG d tem*wfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif ppftpdk;&. ausmaxmufaemufcHtzGJ@jzpfonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifu a&muf,O+f yKd ifEi&ef tqifoifjh zpfonftxd trsKd ;om;nDvmcHtm; dk S kd f (14)ESp=f umatmif tcseqJG usi;f yay;cJonf? ppftpd;k &u wzufoufa&;qGxm;aom zG@J pnf; df h J tkycsKyfykH tajccHOya'wGif wyfrawmf(ppfwyf)tm; v$wawmftrwfae&m (25)&mcdiEe;f udk f f kf_ tvdtavsmufay;xm;+y;D use&aomae&mrsm;udr_ a&G;aumufywif 0ifa&muf,O+f yKd i&rnfh k f dS k JG G Sf Ekiia&;ygwrsm;twGuf csevyxm;cJonf? txl;ojzifh ppftpd;k &onf use&aom trwf dfH D f Sf h f dS ae&mrsm;udk ‚if;wd@k .vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;tm; 0ifa&muf,O+f yKd iap&ef pDpOfxm;+y;D kd f k kd Sf Ediiawmftm%mwpfcv;Hk udk jyefvnfcsKyfuiEi&ef tm;xkwconf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfcif kfH k kd f kd f f hJ kd +zdK;toif;wGif tajctaeta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh tzG@J 0if oef;aygi;f rsm;pGm&Saeaomfvnf; d a&G;aumufywif 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKif&eftwGuf Ediia&;t&wufºuGr&onf@ tzG@J 0ifta& JG G S kfH _ dS twGurm tvGeenf;yg;vSonf? Ttcsuonf ppftm%mydirsm;tm; pd;k &drruif;jzpfapcJh fS f f kf f 260 onf? tem*gwa&G;aumufyrsm;wGif jynfci+f zdK;toif;u tEdi&&Sygu jrefrmhEiia&; f JG kd kf d kd f H onf wpfygwtm%m&Sipepfo@kd jyefvnfa&muf&vm+yD; jynfovx. ae@pOfb0rsm;onf D f dS llk vnf; ydrq;kd &Gm;vmrnf jzpfonf? xd@k jyif wpfygwtm%m&Sitjzpf jyefvnfay:xGuvmrnfh k kd D f f etzppftpd;k &onf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;.tcef;u¾udk jriwifay;&ef}uKd ;yrf;+y;D wcsewnf;Y kd S hf df NLD ygwtm; tjrpfjzwfacsre;&ef }udK;yrf;rnfjzpfayonf? D _f ---------------------------- 82 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk rS w f p k r sm; 1 jynfaxmifpk+uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ESifh &HykHaiG &Smjcif;/ vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (XmecsKyf)/ 1996 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (19)&uf? 2 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;/ tajccHpnf;rsOf;/ 1993 ckESpf pufwifbmv (15)&uf? 3 Mobilization of the Mass: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L. Hancock. Burma Issues. 2003. 4 Politics of Stability: Co-opting Burma’s Civil Society Through the USDA. V Coakley. Burma Issues Newsletter Vol. 8, No.10. October 1998. 5 USDA Serving National Interests as it Represents the People. Eint Dail. The Golden Land. 4 November 2005. 6 7 8 The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate. Vol. 4. Jan-Feb 1997. jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (10)&uf? jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;ESpfcsKyf/ 1994 ckESpf/ pm 75? 9 tm%mydkifawG a'ocHawGudk }uH@zGH@eJ@ pGrf;tm;&SifxJ t"rRxnfhoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (6)&uf? 10 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 11 SLORC Activities in Nyaunglebin Districe. An Independent Report by the Karen Human Rights Group. 22 February 1994. 12 Demoratic Voice of Burma. 180302. 13 14 15 16 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? USDA Membership on the Increase. KAO WAO News No. 76. 9-24 September 2004. Exposing the Real USDA. NCGUB Information Unit. NCGUB. tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 11/01/2005 &ufae@ a&$[oFmcef;rwGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom jynfcdkif+zdK;toif; vpOfykHrSef tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;rS aumufEkwfcsuf? 18 EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@. aqmif&Gufcsuf ordkif;0ifrSwfwrf;/ wdkif;usKd; jynfjyK/ wwd,wGJ/ 1995 {+yDv (1) rS 1997 Ekd0ifbm v (14)? 17 19 20 21 New Light of Myanmar. 12 February 2005. tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? Burma’s Myinggyan college students forced to join USDA. Democratic Voice of Burma. 15 August 2006) 22 83 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; 23 24 25 26 od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; Mandalay Students Tricked into Joining USDA Member. Democratic Voice of Burma. 2004. 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckeSpf azazmf0g&D 1 &uf? USDA Rises Again. SHAN. 11 October 2003. tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wf tpnf;ta0;odk@ wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpm (1995)/ jynfaxmif pk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;? 27 The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate. Vol. 4, No.1. Jan-Feb. 1997. 29 30 31 28 AB-NA 960429. NDD Chronology 1996. Human Rights Year Book 1996: Burma. NCGUB.Page-651. Mobilization of the Masses: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L.Hancock. Burma Issues.2003. 32 ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wf tpnf;ta0;odk@ wifoGif;onfh tpD&ifcHpm/ 1995 ckESpf/ jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;? 33 34 35 AB-NA 960317. NDD Chronology 1996. USDA HQ’s Business and Fundraising. Inside Source. NDD. 2005. }uH@zGH@tzGJ@ ADG'D,dkxkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief; vkyfudkifvm/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 16 &uf? 36 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckeSpf arv? USDA as powerful as the Local Intelligence Services in Arakan. BNI Weekly News. 24 November 2003. Oppression on NLD Members Continue in Rangoon Thone Gwa. Democratic Voice of Burma. 10 December 2005. 39 40 41 42 43 44 38 37 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf pufwifbmv 8 &uf? tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/ 2007 ckESpf? Burma Pokokku USDA Secretary Uses Thugs to Cow People. Democratic Voice of Burma. 5 November 2005. USDA as powerful as the Local Intelligence Services in Arakan. BNI Weekly News. 24 November 2004. Burmese Civil Servants Sacked for Signing NLD Petition. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17 August 2004. jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;. pnf;&kH;a&;pDrHcsuf/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f/ 2003 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 31 &uf? 45 84 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 46 tzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifrsm; E_wfxGuf&ef }uH@zGH@tzGJ@ rufvkH;ay;pnf;&kH;/ 2007 ckESpf/ rwfv 28 &uf? Burma’s Forced Registration-the Final Onslaught? The Irrawaddy. 01 December 1998. 48 49 50 51 47 Opposition Resignations Cited in Myanmar. The Associated Press. 6 May 2006. Inside Source. NDD. 17 May 2006. PDC News commentary. the Political Defiance Committee (PDC) of the National Council of the Union of Burma (NCUB). July 2007. USDA Members Enticing NLD Members to Quit Party at Shwebo. Democratic Voice of Burma. 22 August 2006. 52 53 54 Burma Junta’s USDA Members Pressure NLD Members to Quit Party. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 November 2005 Another NLD leader forced to resign by pressures from Burma junta. Democratic Voice of Burma. 27 April 2006. Human Rights Yearbook 1999-2000: Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. p. 247. 55 Burma junta’s USDA members pressure NLD members to quit party. Democratic Voice of Burma. 04 November 2005. 56 NLD Members Forced to Join USDA in Eastern Burma. 19 August 2004. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 NLD Member Refused Teaching Job in Southern Burma. Democractic Voice of Burma. 20 August 2004. NLD Member Pressured to Quit NLD in Mandalay Division, Burma. 24 August 2004. tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv? Voice of Burma. Issue No. 568. AUGUST 27, 2006 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv? USDA: The Organization Strengthening the Military Rule in Burma (Myanmar). The Mon Forum. April 2005. USDA Distrubs Formation of NLD Social Support Group. Burma News International. 26 April 2004. NLD Probihited from Donating Rice to Flood-Hit Areas in Burma. Democratic Voice of Burma. 21 August 2004. 65 66 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? atmifvH+rdK@rSm vlxkudk }uHhzG@HxJ twif;qGJoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (11)&uf? tm%m&_;ppftkyfpku ema&;tzGJ@udk }uH@zGwfvufatmuf oGwfoGif;&ef }udK;yrf;/ Voice of Burma /2006 ckESpf =o*kwfv (22)&uf? 85 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; 67 od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; atmifvH+rdK@rSm vlxkudk }uHhzG@HxJ twif;qGJoGif;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (11)&uf? 68 atmifjrifaeonfh acsmuf+rdK@rS ema&;ulnDr_vkyfief;udk }uH@cdkifzGH@+zdK;a&; 0ifcs,fvS,f/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 25 &uf? 69 apwemtcrJhqdkaom jynfcdkif+zdK;aq;cef;wdkuifzdk;aumufae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 17 &uf? 70 jynfaxmifpk}uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0; (2005) rS aumufE_wfazmfjycsuf? 71 apwemtcrJhqdkaom jynfcdkif+zdK;aq;cef; wdkuifzdk;aumufae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 17 &uf? 72 73 Burma USDA members told to take control of local activities. 9 September 2005. }uH@zGH@u tusOf;om;rsm;udk "gwfykH&kduf+yD; rdom;pkudk aiGaxmufyHh/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (6)&uf? 74 EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rdom;pkrsm;udk tm%mykdifrsm;u +cdrf;ajcmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (23)&uf? 75 76 77 USDA Members Told to Take Control of Local Activities. Democratic Voice of Burma. 9 September 2005. Red Cross Hopes to be Left Alone. The Irrawaddy. 31 January 2006. e,fjcm;rJhq&m0efrsm;tzGJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf/ rwfv (30)&uf? 78 Red Cross Hopes to Be Left Alone. Irrawaddy. 31 January 2006. jrefrmtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif aq;0g; jywfvwfae+yD/ Voice of Burma / 2006 ckESpf arv (4)&uf? EdkfifiHwum=uufajceD&kH;awGydwfzdk@ etzppftkyfpk trdef@xkwf/ (27)&uf? 79 80 RFA/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv ICRC Might Be Allowed to Inspect Burmese Prisons Freely Again. Democratic Voice of Burma. 12 January 2006. EdkfifiHwum=uufajceD&kH;awGydwfzdk@ etzppf tkyfpk trdef@xkwf/ RFA/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (27)&uf? 81 tjynfjynfqdkif&m =uufajceD&kH;rsm; jyefzGifhcGifh&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (15)&uf? 82 jrefrmtusOf;axmifrsm;wGif aq;0g;jywfvwfae+yD/ Voice of Burma / 2006 ckESpf arv (4)&uf? 86 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 83 84 /2006 ckESpf arv 24 &uf? jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0;/ 2005 ckESpf? Voice of Burma 85 86 Monthly Human Rights Situation Report. Mergui-Tavoy Information Department. KNU. October 2003. nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 13 &uf? 87 jrpf}uD;em;wGif wefjyefoydwfarSmuf&ef e,frS 0efxrf;/ }uH@zGH@awG ac:,lvlpk/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 29 &uf? 88 etznDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudk ucsifvli,frsm;uef@uGuf/ rZdÆlrowif;Xme/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 8 &uf? 89 trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf. 2004ckESpf/ ar (27)&ufae@&ufpGJyg a=ujimcsuftrSwf-6 (5§03)? 90 jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unff/ 2003 ckESpf/ arv (29)&ufae@n/ rkH&Gm+rdK@qdkif;bkwfwifyGJwGif ajym=um;cJhaomrdef@cGef;rS? 91 Human Rights Yearbook 1999-2000: Burma. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. p. 247. 248. tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv? bDbDpDxHodk@ ay;pmrsm; (2)/ 1994 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (21)&uf? 94 awmifwGif;}uD;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJta=umif;/ MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdk bm 2 &uf? 95 rE Wav;wdkif;u +rKd@e,fESpfckwGifvnf; nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ jyKvky/f MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 3 &uf? 96 yckuULoHCmawmfrsm;u arwWmydk@ vrf;av#mufqENjyyGJudk jyefvnfpwif+yD/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 31 &uf? 97 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudkoGm; um;wpD;arSmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 9 &uf? 98 rauG;+rdK@nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ wufa&muf&ef +rdK@e,ftcsKd@ t"rRtac:cH&/ MIZZIMA News /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 5 &uf? 99 bDbDpDxHodk@ ay;pmrsm; (1)/ 1994 ckESpf az azmf0g&Dv (21) &uf? 100 nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJudkoGm; um;wpfpD;arSmuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 9 &uf? 93 92 87 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; 101 od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; ppftpdk;&nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJrSm ausmif;om;vli,frsm; rdk;rd+yD;zsm;em/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 10 &uf? 102 103 104 Human Rights Year Book 1994: Burma. NCGUB. Page-124. The Burmese Generals are Lying to the World. Rhododendron News. Volume VI. No. V. September-October 2003. Chin Human Rights Organization. 20 October 2003. nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 13 &uf? 105 rauG;+rdK@nDvmcH axmufcHyGJ wufa&muf&ef +rdK@e,ftcsKd@ t"rRtac:cH&/ MIZZIMA News /2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 5 &uf? 106 erfhcrf;qENazmfxkwfyGJ wtdrfwa,muf rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 12 &uf? 107 etz&J@ EdkifiHa&;vrf;jyajrykHaxmufcHyGJawG jynfe,feJ@wdkif;toD;oD;rSm qufwdkufjyKvkyf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 21 &uf? SLORC Activities in Nyaunglebin District. An Independent Report by the Karen Human Rights Group. 22 February 1994. 108 109 rE Wav;wdkif;u +rKd@e,fESpfckwGifvnf; nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ jyKvkyf/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 3 &uf? 110 111 112 113 MIZZIMA news / Burma Human Rights Yearbook. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. 1994. Forced Backing for Road Map. Irrawaddy. 22 September 2003. Sieg Heli, SPDC: Burma Junta Thugs Hold Mass Rallies for Military Rule. Democratic Voice of Burma. 12 January 2006. Adkvfcif!Gef@udk axmufcH&ef vmbfxdk;jrLqG,f/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 19 &uf? 114 yJcl;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJ wtdrfwa,muf t"rRwufa&mufcdkif;/ aps;qdkif;rsm;vnf; ydwf&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (16)&uf? 115 twkta,mifaxmufcHyGJ bdkuav;ESif jr0wDwGifjyKvkyf/ &kd;r 3/ 2007 ckESpf atmuf wdkbm 25 &uf? 116 aiGusyf 3000 &I qENjy/ Radio Free Aasia /2007 ckESpf azazmf0g&D 2 &uf? 117 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 1 &uf? 118 erfhcrf;qEN azmfxkwfyGJ wtdrfwa,muf rwufrae&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 12 &uf? 88 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 119 tar&dueftm;udk; ykqdef&kd;qdkifbkwfrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;a=umfjimrsm;tay: Y wifxm;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 5 &uf? 120 anmifESpfyifaxmufcHyGJrsm; usif;y&efpDpOf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 2 &uf? 121 oef;a&$ema&;ydk@a&; 'dk@ta&; atmfcJhol 3 OD; tzrf;cH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 4 &uf? 122 awmifwGif;}uD;nDvmcHaxmufcHyGJta=umif;/ MIZZIMA news /2007 ckESpf atmufwdk bmv 2 &uf? 123 124 Report Card, Burma. 1 December 2001-31 March 2002. Altsean Burma. July 2002. The Burmese Military Intelligence Extorts Money from the Fish Boats for NGOs. Narinjara News. a&eHacsmif;+rdK@e,f }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawGu a'ocHrsm;tm; rdkufa=u;cGJ/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2004 ckeSpf/ ZGefv (22)&uf? 126 jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zGH@+zdK;a&;toif;ESpfywfvnf oif;vkH;u|wftpnf;ta0;/ 2005 ckESpf? 127 a&eHacsmif;+rdK@e,f }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawGu a'ocHrsm;tm; rdkufa=u;cGJ/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2004 ckeSpf/ ZGefv (22) &uf? 128 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (30)&uf? 129 130 131 125 People’s Land Confisc-ated for Sale in USDA Fund Drive. BNI Weekly News. 15 December 2003. Burmese Authorities Misappropriates Money for Children’s Education. Demoratic Voice of Burma. 11 April 2005. tezwdk@ avab;tultnDay;r_udk jzwfpm;/ rauseyfI 0ef}uD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfcif!$ef@xH wdkif=um;olrsm;tm; zrf;qD;/ Narinjara News /2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (9)&uf? 132 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@u ausmif;&HykHaiGudk tvGJokH;pm;vkyf/ &kd;r-3/ 2007 ckESpf Zlv_difv 6 &uf? 133 &kH;aqmuf&ef aiGodef;(50)udk acsmuf}uH@zGH@pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;ESifhtzGJ@ udk,fusKd;okH;/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 24 atmufwdkbm 2006? Crime Against Humanity: Dirty Politics on the Hands of the Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar. 18 June 2004. 135 134 EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk vdrfnmvSnfhjzm;&ef rGefjynfe,f/ rk'kH+rdK@e,fwGif oifwef; ay;/ Voice of Burma /2003 ckESpf rwfv 20 &uf?) 89 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; 136 od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; jynfaxmifpk+uH@ckdifa&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;toif; ESpfywfvnfoifvkH; u|wftpnf;ta0; (2007) wGif ajym=um;cJhaom AdkvfcsKyfrSL;=uD;oef;a&$rdef@cGef;rS aumufE_wfcsuf/ jrefrmhtvif;owif; pm/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 17 &uf? 137 jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;. 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 31 &uf ae@pGJyg awmifOuUvmypDrHcsufrS aumufEkwfcsuf? 138 etzu tzGJ@csKyf+zdKcGJa&; enf;AsL[mopfrsm;csrSwf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2005 ckESpf {+yDv 20 &uf? 139 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifh ta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 18 &uf?) 140 etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (7 §2006)/ 2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 2 &uf/ jrefrmhtvif;o wif;pm? 141 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;? 142 pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; jynfolwdk@udk apmifh=unhfr_&yfqdkif;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm v 11 &uf? 143 pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; jynfolwdk@udk apmifh=unhfr_&yfqdkif;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm v 11 &uf? 144 The Union Solidarity and Development Association. David Steinberg. Burma Debate. Vol.4, No.1. Jan-Feb. 1997. Quote from Gen. Than Shwe, 1996. 145 146 Exposing the Real USDA. NCGUB Information Unit. NCGUB. The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian Wing of the Military Junta Must not Be Overlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6. July 2003. jzL;+rdK@e,fvkH;u|wf jynfol@ppfoifwef;ay;/ rZdÆrowif;/ 2005 ckESpf rwfv 13 &uf? jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEdkifiHvkH;twkdif;twmeJ@ etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf? 149 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/26-3-2007? 150 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEdkifiHvkH; twkdif;twmeJ@ etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf? 151 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef 0efxrf;rsm;tm; ppfoifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 13 &uf? 148 152 153 147 Police deliver military training to civilians. Democractic Voice of Burma. 30 October 2007. Mon State PDC Ordered Chaungzon USDA to Form USDA Battalion in Town. Burma News International. 15 October 2004. 90 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 154 155 156 157 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;/ 21-3-2007? SPDC trains over 200 Chin people. Khonumthung News. 12 September 2006. Recruiting Civilians in Village Communities to Attend Short-Term Basic Military Training. Independent Mon News Agency. 18 June 2003. &Gmomrsm; ppfoifwef;wuf&ef tm%mydkifrsm;u trdef@xkwf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf arv 7 &uf? 158 jynfy&efumuG,f&ef wEkdifiHvkH;twdkif;twmESifh etzppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu oifwef;ay;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zlv_difv 24 &uf? 159 jzL;+rdK@e,fvkH;u|wf jynfol@ppfoifwef;ay;/ rZdÆrowif;/ 2005 ckESpf rwfv 13 &uf? 160 &cdkifjynfe,fY t&HwyfzGJ@tm; jynfol@ppfESifh rD;owfrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;rnf[kqdk/ ed&OP&m owif;/ 2006 ckESpf =o*kwf v 12 &uf? 161 &ckdifurf;vGefwGif; etzu ppfpcef;rsm;wdk;csJ@/ Mizzima News/ 2005 ckESpf pufwifbm v 8 &uf? Burmese Army forms people’s militias in border area. Narinjara News. 14 February 2007. 163 164 162 Two Militia Trainings Held in Maungdaw inquire. Narinjara News. 30 October 2007. The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005. 165 }uH@zGH@tzGJ@axmufvSrf;a&;wm0efyg xrf;aqmif/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2006 ckESpf 'DZifbm 29 &uf? 166 167 168 169 Crime Against Humanity: Dirty Politics on Hands of Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar. 18 June 2003. Monland. USDA: Act Locally and Lie Globally. Banya Hongsar. KAO WAO News No. 30. November 1-13, 2002. Moles on Moles: Burma USDA Warns Members against News Leak. Democratic Voice of Burma. 29 June 2005. jynfyrD'D,mawGudk etzu tD;enf;eJ@ wdkufrnf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf arv 4 &uf? 170 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 24 &uf? Burma USDA members to be given military intelligence courses. Democratic Voice of Burma. 13 September 2006. 172 173 174 171 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? Confidential News of the USDA. Inside Source. NDD. 15 January 2005. USDA: Act Locally and Lie Globally. Banya Hongsar. KAO WAO News No. 30. November 1-13, 2002. 91 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; 175 od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk w&m;pGJ&ef tezu tcsuftvuf&SmazG/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 19 &uf? 176 tifef'D'D tifwmAsL;/ 2006 ckESpf arv? 177 178 Inside Source. NDD. 1 May 2006. udkoufEdkifOD;tr_tm; +rdK@awmfowif;pmrSm vdrfvnfIazmfjy/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2006 ckESpf rwfv 23 &uf? 179 jynfwGif;owif;oHk;oyfcsuf-trSwfpOf (292)/ tifef'D'D/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 28 &uf? tm%mydkifrsm;. 0kdif;0ef;&kdufESufjcif;cH&olwOD;tygt0if &Gmom; 6 OD; w&m;pGJqdkjcif;cH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/2007 ckESpf {+yDv 27 &uf? 180 jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 23 &uf? 181 ajrmufOuUvmy &,u&kH;Y zrf;qD;cHxm;&pOf vlwOD; aoqkH;r_jzpf/ {&m0wDtifwmeuf r*~Zif;/ 2007 ckESpf rwfv 19 &uf? 182 t&yfom;wpfOD; aoqkH;r_Y oufaoxGufqdkrnfholudk }uH@zGH@rsm;u vdkufvHzrf;qD;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf rwfv 21 &uf? 183 =unfhjrifwdkifpcef;rSL; vuf&JZuf&J ESdyfpuf!Sif;yef;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2006 ckESpf ZGefv 13 &uf? 184 etz au|;arG;xm;wJh pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; vlxkudk vuf&JZuf&JtEdkifusifh/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 6 &uf? Rangoon Sanchaung NLD Youth Attacked by Junta Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 21 August 2005. Burmese Local Authority on Trial in Rangoon Hlain Thaya. Democratic Voice of Burma. 30 August 2005.) 186 185 oHvufoD;jzihf txdk;cH&onfh vGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;. tr_udkqufvufppfaq;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwfv 14 &uf? 188 jynf+rdK@wGif wuUodkvfausmif;om;wpfOD; }uH@zGH@tzGJ@wcsKd@. &dkufESufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2004 ckESpf pufwifbm 1 &uf? Prome University Students Beaten Up By Free-Range Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 15 March 2004. 190 191 189 187 Burma Arakan Muslin Student Killed by ‘Unknown’ Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 September 2005. Car Victim Told to Drop Charge Against Burma Junta Official. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17 July 2004. }uH@zGH@tzGJ@.0dkif;0ef;&dkufESufr_a=umifh rE Wav;rS vli,fwOD; aq;&kHa&muf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 12 &uf? 192 92 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 193 194 195 196 197 “New” Strategies Dreamt Up by the Burma Junta to Destroy the NLD. Democratic Voice of Burma. 22 June 2005. Human Rights Year Book 2001-2002: Burma. NCGUB. USDA Sets Village on Fire and Kidnap 32 Muslim Students in Burma. Muslim Information Center of Burma. News Story 097. February 4, 2003. Hindu Temple Burnt Down in Central Burma by Junta Thugs. Democratic Voice of Burma. 2 July 2005. jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf? 198 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;. tpD&ifcH pm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf? 199 jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJ@}uD;. a=ujimcsuf/ 1369 ckESpf 0gacgifvjynfh ausmf 12 &uf (9-9-2007) we*FaEGae@/ pmtrSwf (1§2007)? 200 jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m oHCmhwyfaygif;pktzGJ@}uD;. a=ujimcsuf/ 1369 ckESpf 0gacgifvjynfh ausmf 12 &uf (9-9-2007) we*FaEGae@/ pmtrSwf (1§ 2007)? 201 oydwf+zdKcGif;&ef ppfwyfvkH;0rokH;a&;/ pGrf;tm;&Sif }uH@zGwfrsm;omokH;a&;/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf pufwifbmv 10 &uf? 202 tifef'D'D jynfwGif;owif;? 203 204 Irrawaddy. 24.8.2007. etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (2§2007)/ jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 4 &uf? 205 jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&; txl;udk,fpm;vS,f rpPwmyDnJ&dk;.tpD&if cHpm/2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &uf?) 206 etzowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ (2§2007)/ jrefrmhtvif;/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 4 &uf? 207 aiG=um,Hq&mawmf ausmif;wdkufudk jyefvnfa&muf&Sd owif;okH;ae/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 17 &uf? 208 *sDwDtkdifwGif zrf;qD;xm;onfh oHCmawmfrsm;udk &dkufESufcJhonfh pGrf;tm;&Sifpm&if;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 7 &uf? 209 210 The Story About Poe Suu. Burma Update By PDC/NCUB. 29 November 2007. atmif"rRygv bkef;}uD;ausmif;udk }uH@zGwfESifh r,u pD;eif; bkef;awmf}uDwpfyg;udk zrf;qD;/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Edk0ifbm 16 &uf? 211 r*~ifausmif;wdkufydwf&jcif;ta=umif; &JcsKyfajym=um;csufrrSef/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf 'DZifbm 13 &uf? 93 jynf c d k i f ò zd ; 212 od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; }uH@zGH@ESifhpGrf;tm;&SiftzGJ@rsm; jynfolESifhyl;aygif;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;wdkufwGef;/ acwf+ydKif *sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwf 27 &uf? 213 }uH@zGH@ESifhpGrf; tm;&SiftzGJ@rsm; jynfolESifhyl;aygif;&ef ausmif;om;rsm;wdkufwGef;/ acwf+ydKif *sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf =o*kwf 27 &uf? 214 etzu }uH@zGH@udk olaumif;jyKae+yD/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm v 16 &uf? 215 qENjyjynfolrsm;udk t=urf;zufcJhwJh pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm;udk &efukefpnfyifrSm tvkyfcef@ae/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 19 &uf? 216 qENjyoHCmawmfrsm;udk &dkufESuf&mwGif yg0ifcJhonf }uH@cdkifa&;rsm;udk ol&Jaumif;qkay; tyf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmtoH/ 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 20 &uf? 217 oHCmawmfrsm;udk apmfum;olrsm;tm; vlr_xl;c|efqkay;/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2008 ckESpf? 218 'Drdkua&pDa&; qufvuf}udK;yrf;rnf[k EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;a[mif;rsm;ajym/ {&m0wD/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 4 &uf? 219 atmifvHY a':pkarG;ae@usif;yaom tzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;udk }uH@zHG@u av;cGESifhypf/ 'Drdku&uf wpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf ZGefv 19 &uf? 220 bk&m;ay:wufolrsm;udk wm;qD;&ef }uH@zGH@u tESdyforrsm;udk qifhac:/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 12 &uf? 221 t*F gae@0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm;udk }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0if 300 ausmfu aESmuf,Suf/ {&m0wDo wif;/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 16 &uf? a&$wd*kHbk&m;wuf qkawmif;olrsm; t=urf;zuf&kdufESufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 16 &uf? 222 a':pkvGwfajrmufa&; qkawmif;olrsm;udk wefjyefpkawmif;onfh vlwpku aESmuf,Suf/ acwf+ydKif*sme,f/ 2007 ckESpf arv 25 &uf? 223 0wfjyKqkawmif;olrsm; aESmuf,SufcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2007 ckESpf arv 28 &uf? 224 Burma Human Rights Yearbook. Human Rights Documentation Unit. NCGUB. 1996. 225 The Second Premilinary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre(Burma). The Ad hoc commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.20. 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif &Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 13-14? 226 94 m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk rif;vS+rdK@e,f tifeft,fvf'DtzGJ@csKyf ykHrSeftpnf;ta0; vkyfydkifcGifhydwf/ a':atmifqef; pk=unf }udKqdkol0efxrf; tvkyfjzKwfcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf arv 7 &uf? 228 OD;at;omatmif. &ckdifc&D;pOfrSm axmufcHolawGudk &mxl;rS xkwfypf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 7 &uf? 229 a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@ uav;+rdK@uae qufvufxGufcGmvmcJh&m *ef@a*g+rdK@odk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sd/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf {+yDv 10 &uf? 230 a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifhtzGJ@ csif;jynfe,fygwDpnf;&kH;a&;c&D; pwifxGufcGm/ &efukef AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;.vufatmufcH a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkifrsm;. aESmuf,Sufjcif;cH&/ vGwvyf f aomtm&StoH/ 2003 ckESpf {+yDv 3 &uf? 231 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,}udrfy%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27? 232 rkH&GmwGif aESmuf,Suf&ef apmifhaewJh }uH@zGH@vli,ftm;vkH;u a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk vuftkyfcsDuefawmh/ RFA /2003 ckESpf arv 29 &uf? 233 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,l aqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27? 234 ucsifjynfe,fc&D;pOfrSm aESmuf,SufwJh tiftm; 300 &Sd }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifawG[m wzJG@wnf; jzpf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf arv 21 &uf? 235 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv/ pm 22-27? 236 rwW&mtzGJ@csKyf0ifrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;&kdufESuf&ef }uH@zGH@tzGJ@0ifrsm;}uHpnf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmh toH/ 2007 ckESpf {+yDv 30 &uf? 237 trsKd;om;'Drdk ua&pDtzGJ@csKyf ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol OD;vGif. ajymqdkcsufrsm;ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 2002 'DZifbm(31) &ufae@ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJrsm;t&? 238 a':pkc&D;pOf armfawmf,OftultnDay;cJhol vdkifpiftydwfcH&/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH/ 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &uf? 239 227 The Second Preliminary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). The Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.144. 'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif/ 'kwd,t}udrf y%mrtpD&ifcHpm/ 2003 ckESpf arv? 241 242 240 Voice of Burma. Issue No. 607 MAY 27, 2007. The Second Preliminary Report of the Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). The Ad hoc Commission on Depayin Massacre (Burma). May 2003. p.197. 95 243 244 The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005. USDA is Ready to Be a Legal Political party. Independent Mon News Agency. 6 October 2003. 245 246 Crime Aganist Humanity: Dirty Politics on the Hands of Burmese Junta. Banya Hongsar. 18 June 2003. Monland. The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian WIng of the Military Junta Must Not Be Overlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6. July 2003. The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005. 248 The USDA Factor: The Thuggish Civilian WIng of the Military Junta Must Not Be Overlooked During Burma’s Political Transition. Min Zin. The Irrawaddy Vol.11, No.6. July 2003. 249 247 Mobilization of the Masses: How Much of a Threat is the USDA? L. Hancock. Burma Issues. 2003. Letter to Japan Foreign Minister Koumura. Human Rights Watch. 15 January 2008. USDA Members Attend Cuban Solidarity Meeting. Mizzima News. 25 January 2006. 250 251 252 253 254 UN Officials Concerned by USDA Briefing. Clive Parker. The Irrawaddy. 10 October 2005. NLD Expresses Dismay over ASEAN Envoy’s Burma Visit. Democratic Voice of Burma. 25 March 2006. anmifESpfyifnDvmcHudk azazmf0g&D 17 &ufrSm jyefpr,fvdk@ etza=ujim/ 'Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH/ 2005 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 12 &uf? Interim Report Card: July 2004-February 2005. Altsean Burma. March 2005. SPDC Picked USDA Members to Represent Arakan State at the National Convention. Narinjara News. 11 February 2003. 255 256 257 USDA Members Attend the National Convention. Democratic Voice of Burma. 10 May 2004. 258 Money for National Convention Delegates Families. Democratic Voice of Burma. 17 June 2004. 259 Compulsory Collections for Convention Families. Democratic Voice of Burma. 4 June 2004. The Game Plan of the Nazi Generals in Burma. Weekly Inside News Commentary No. 227. NDD. 9 December 2005. 260 -------------------------------------------